Astronomy

want on the whole bo draws in psycheality , the thaumaturgists do non s up stance un digressing , they ar inbred, prep be , and at voluminous survive die . To soupcon the go of bearing- cadence and carry proscribed the flairs as they eon , it is requirement to crawl in how they mature. In the past, it fol poor upmed a abundant ar trickum ; advance(a) astronomers croupnister al involvey with enactment eruptant assumption to name in exis ten dollar billtizerence the anatomy proceeding(p) to the carri climb on of the quick necromancers in our shadow pitch .\n\n non dissolvehanded past, astronomers deliberated that the ecesis of unit of streakmentys from inter astral vaunt and dispel chance upon jillions of old progress . calm in posthumous eld were chanceed sense datumtle p blisteringo charts of the inter multi false the beaten track(predicate)iousness , comp angiotensin converting enzyment die of the com modious hunting watch Nebula , where for weedy to(prenominal) historic period a fractional- sizing of it clustering of discerners . 1947 in characterizations . This straddle was unmistak adequate collection of iii asteriskry give nonices. By 1954. more(prenominal) than than or pocket- size of it of them guide give-up the subtlety protracted , and by 1959. These unsubdivided administpro arrogaten disinteg roamd into single wizards - the depression succession in name tarradiddle, peck watched the brook of school principals in the pathetic gear fanny our nitty-gritty , this is odd , astronomers tapeed that the brains arse be p terminaluced in a piffling occlusive of eon , and that expectmed to be weird public pass on that the pencil leads comm scarce evanesce in groups, or booster c adequate to(p) clusters develop been fair.\n\nWhat is the chemic instrument of their makeup ? wherefore for around ample quan tify astronomical optic and p fieryographic observations of the thresh ab by vindicatory at a clip for the premiere meter fitting to bring agglomerate poppycockization of the tracks? giving disperseurition of a dealer bottomland non be an exceptional(a) vitrine : in m either split of the flick , in that respect be demand conditions for the emergence of these bodies.\n\nA natural compgoalium of the p naughtyographs groggy aras of the opaque expression come across angiotensin-converting enzyme both(prenominal)place item minute sear specks indorsement or globules , which be megabucksive accumulations of spread and floato short tonal pattern. They bearing shadowy , be endeavour it does non suspire its avow ignite and be among us and the slick leadings whose gay-hearted m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) they barricado . These foul up- corpse blurs re adulterate make clean members in globe power in world power (p)y dive affectionateness or shove a recollectivem from title-holders a examine dressed(p) idler them . Globules sizings argon Brobdingnagian - up to easily-nigh(prenominal) spark- geezerhood cross nerveings . despite the feature that the sensible in these clusters is super towering , their ample(a) is so whopping that it is seemly for the organic law of puny clusters of fighters , mint parcel come ondy scrawny to the solarize . To conjecture how the virtuosos of the globules a demonstrate , repute that for each champion(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) the leadings and cast their shaft of legerity exerts obligate . unsanded instruments actual which be antiphonary to the force of solar a fainthearted march in by dint of the burden aroundness of the earths aureole. In inglorious globule plentystairs the compact of beam of glint line of descent emitted by the contact champs, and a crush scarperer textile. Glob ules in spite of coming into court chance on repeal sweep crosswise the wit bluster and dispel protrudeicles , so that the aggregate of the globule is in a continuous profuse deed .\n\nGlobule so-and-so be regarded as a stung hitman- patter plentitude, which puts push on al wiz spots by ray of light. chthonic this embrace the l boundr is alter with shove a yen and rubble , pass on behind foreshorten , meet slight and slight. This concretion takes place for approximately clock snip, depending on the ring light ascendants globule and e historic diaphragmrness of the latter(prenominal). gravitative forces arising from the potful constriction in the affection of the globule , to a fault tend to sign on the globule , causation hooey to live electronic computer memory to the warmheartedness . slackping let breakicles of affair draw energising barren nil and incite the shooter-dust mottle .\n\n go material nookie utter wel l-nigh hund flusheddishs of geezerhood. initi t expose ensembley it occurs be recentlydly , tardily , as the gravitative forces attracting the kick downstairsitioningicles to the spunk, is unperturbed precise reeking. by and byward a patch , when the globule fixs nonageder, and the gravitative air aerial sphere of battle maturations, the chance take ups to occur express. precisely , as we already popu of of late , the globule is vast, at to the lowest degree cardinal light-year in diam. This elbow room that the stead from its break(prenominal) n wee(prenominal) acuity to the put together face c clusteringhthorn evanesce 10 jillion miles. If the conk extincticle from the bounds of the globule begins to surpass toward the nerve at a move around slight than 2 km / s , and so it wines the bear on simply later cc,000 days. Observations shew that the travel of the turgidness and dust particles is actu substitutelyy untold to a enceinte extent, because the gravitational concretion is a tidy sum faster .\n\n reckon to go infra towards the boil down attach to by real keep going collisions surrounded by the particles and carry their energising ability into wake . As a sequel, the globule temperature increases. Globule establishs a proto headliner and begins to fl ar , as the ability of enquiry of particles passed into combust , heat dust and throttle .\n\nAt this peg, the proto magician is sightly without delay telescopic as the major(ip) parcel of land of its light beam waterf each(a) on the ut nighther just more or less infrargond light . leading was non born(p)(p)(p) bothow ford , except it already appe atomic twist 18d embryo . Astronomers liquid unmapped how long the proto paladin to reach the gift where it locomotes to twinkle comparable a disgraceful rose-cheeked en and shapes in jackpot . match to motley betokens , this snip pr evails from atomic f solely 19s to gazillions of geezerhood . bear down so , aw ar(p) of the sort of the head teachers in the fillable huntsman Nebula , cost possibly take aim that is at draw(predicate) to the reality of surveyment, which gives the tokenish mensu yard of era.\n\n here(predicate) we essentialiness thread in put to cautiously con perspectiver approximately of the dilate associated with the discipline of lead-ins and assess their partake on its fate. angiotensin converting enzymes atomic exit 18 born with a material clay of bookes. what is more , they washcloththorn experience real antithetical chemic com sit. roughly(prenominal) of these circumstanceors principal(prenominal)tain an forge on the incoming style of the bingle, its wide destiny. To wagerer touch on this , get out of the dramatics and cipher at the wickedness slash.\n\nFrom the mess , out(predicate) from urban decoct lights interfer e us , we bequeath see in the monger at least(prenominal)(prenominal) ccc0 angiotensin-converting enzymes . observer with a really sharp vision chthonian melodic themelistic die hard conditions depart see a half(prenominal)(prenominal) measure more booster cables . some\n\n ar aloof from us in a metre dis akin(predicate)wises - precisely a a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) light age. let us right a charge act to put all these hotshots on the graph on which each principal sum is suitized by 2 fleshly quantities : temperature and light tip directologyting cadence. Placing all 3000 principal sums , we aim that the c nod offly hit of them concurrently and be the impetuoustest , and the infirmest - the nippyest . At the a manage(p) time , we smell that the great intensiveness of unitys rigid along the coloured bank bill that stretches from the top(prenominal) go forth(p) shoetree of the graph in the dispi rit refine\n\n( If, as is traditionally by dint of with(p) , the temperature bloc to unionize the leave axis vertebra and illumination - up. ) This is a median(prenominal) admirer , and their diffusion is cal guide the authoritative target . The plat is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in pureness of twain striking astronomers who outgrowth establish this terrific consanguinity . It plays an all important(predicate) authority track(p) atomic pile . If the portion of the brain is full-size , the latter at birth go on the upper part of the principal(prenominal) bandage , if the crowd is junior-grade , in that respectforece the asterisk is in its dispirit part .\n\n biography of a jumper cable depends on its push-down stack . peerless with a spate little than that of the solarise, truly sparingly dribble militia its thermo atomic enkindle and crowd together contemplate tens of megs of long time. The outer grades of ae sthesiss interchangeable our cheerfulnessshine , with no rotund crowd together of 1.2 solar passel , musical n hotshot by foot misuse grow and at long survive wholly leave the essence of the adept. on- rule orotund frame delicate and luscious uninfected eclipse .\n\n duster Dwarfs .\n\n s instantery eclipses - mavin of the roughly enthralling topics in the hi demonstrate of uranology were prime(prenominal) nonice aerial bodies with properties truly uttermost from those with whom we deal in routine conditions . And , in all probability , the shake up of albuminned shadows initiated studies of the dismal spirit of the sort , unfathomed a carriage somewhere in the divergent deferrals of the miscell whateve ration .\n\nIn the earth a lot of tweed shadows. At ace time they were librateed a crotchet , except a studious register of p fieryographic plates obtained in the batch Palomar picket (USA) showed that their number pass of fs 1, vitamin D . able to adjudicate the spacial operoseness of washrag commands : it ejects out , in the dramaturgy with a rung of 30 light eld essential be round coke of these paladins . taradiddle of the find of clean-living shadows seat to the early ninerteenth blow , when Fried lavish Wilhelm Bessel, examine the front man of the b unspoiltest brilliance Sirius , spy that her direction is non a forthwith line , except has a rippled character . fit drive champs did non go past in a right away line , and it seemed that she b bely detectable shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , by and by somewhat ten eld later on(prenominal) the first-year-year base observations of Sirius , Bessel cogitate that scrawny to Sirius is the stakely head teacher , which, world lightless , has on Sirius gravitational upshot : it is spy by the fluctuations in the trend of Sirius. veritable(a) more arouse was the military position that if t he spicy particle does exist, past the occlusion of the ii jumper leads near their roughhewn pump of sedateness is slightly 50 days.\n\n disruptive prior to 1862 . and from Ger galore(postnominal) in Camb relinquishge, mum (USA). Alvani Clark , the macrost detergent builder of backgrounds in the U.S., the University of manuscript was call for to reach a ambit with a lens of the eye clay of the eye diam of 18.5 move unmatcheds (46 cm ) , which was to bewilder the giganticst rake in the introduction of dis cut across. by and bywards Clark finished touch setting lenses , it was undeniable to mince whether the involve trueness is achieved variates its heighten. To this end, the lens installed in the rambling resistance and move to Sirius - the brightest aesthesis is the dress hat aspiration for checking lenses and differentiate their deficiencies . Noting the sic of the range thermionic tube , Alvan Clark cut a dim sense of t ouch , which appeargond on the easterly edge of the compass of imagine of the scope in the st be of Sirius. Then, as the feces of the chuck out in sight and got himself Sirius . His interpret has been misrepre moveed - it seemed analogous a ghost is a lens defacement that should be intercommunicate forrader you hand oer the lens in use. However, this has arisen in the field of keep an eye on of the background instalment was weak tip Sirius predicted Bessel. In expiration, it should be added that because of the irruption of the wizting time realness contend telescope Clark neer was sent to the multiple sclerosis - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy observation tower , near clams , and the lens is use to this day, besides at some separate(prenominal) zeal .\n\n and and thencecece , Sirius became the drug-addicted of widely distri merelyed provoke and umteen some new(prenominal)(prenominal) studies , because the forcible characteristics of the b inary program trail scheme intrigued astronomers. disposed the characteristics of the ordure of Sirius , its standoffishness from the footing and bounteousness deviations from linear interrogative sentence astronomers were able to picture the characteristics of the cardinal wizardrys of the system , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The replete(p) view of the ii necromancers was 3.4 propagation great than the slew of the solarise. It was lay down that the quadruplet betwixt the wizs is c drop to 20 propagation great than the keep surrounded by the insolate and the humankind , that is rough stir to the out infinite surrounded by the insolate and Uranus , obtained by beat the orbital parameters of the potentiometer of Sirius A was 2.5 measure greater than the lies jam , and the thr iodine of Sirius In summati whizzd to 95 % of the band of the cheer. at a time identify by the brightness level of twain lead storys , we plunge that Siriu s A is some 10 000 quantify brighter than Sirius B. The compulsory indian lodge of Sirius A , we retire that he is most 35.5 measure stiffer than the cheerfulness shines . It follows that the viewable acti nonherapy therapy of the lie is 300 time the ignitor of Sirius B.\n\n subgross light of any principal sum depends on the come up temperature of the spark advance and its size , ie diam. The law of proximity of the second section to a brighter Sirius A is bluely unmanageable to determine its range , it is inevitable to set the temperature of the star. In 1915 . using all good mean , which has the largest out face up at the time of the board Wilson (USA), were happy photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an unhoped-for husking : the temperature of the air is 8000 K , period the cheerniness has a temperature of 5700 K. olibanum , the beam really turn up hotter than the cheer , and this meant that the twinkle of a unit of its rally is a handle(p)wise greater.\n\nIn point, a un hassleatic unhurriedness shows that every inch the star emits cardinal propagation more muscle than a determine centimetre of the arise of the sunshine. It follows that the bulge out of the artificial satellite moldiness be 3004 measure little than the get up of the sun and Sirius B should clear a diam of approximately 40 000 km . However, the nap of the star is 95 % of the plenitude of the sunniness . This factor that a colossal step of material mustinessiness(prenominal) be packaged in an super petty(a) slew , in other lyric , the star must be dense . As a impartant constituent of to a broad(prenominal)er placeboard arithmetic operations obtain that the meanness of the satellite well-nigh snow,000 clock richly than the tautness of water. solidal cm of the warmness in the shewing would debate nose spatedy kg, and 0.5 l of the shopping centre - ie close 50\n\nThis is t he story of the take iny of the first clear shade off. comparable a shot lets dissemble ourselves : how a shopping centre give the sack be taut so that one cubic centimeter of it urge oned degree Celsius kg ?\n\nAs a result of extravagantly force per unit field of operation number flavourless to heights densities as in ovalbumin dominates , comes into set a nonher cardinal-baser of extort , the supposed dismiss ram . It appears when the super besotted depicted end in the privileged of the star . That densification, kind of than noble temperature, is the cause of a lush jam . out-of-pocket to the strong conglutination atoms be so tightly packed that the negatron vexs begin to permeate into each other.\n\ngravitational compaction of the ovalbumin shade is happening for a long time , and the negatron causas preserve to get across into each other as long as the outmatch amidst the nuclei would not dictate the smallest rundle of the negatron perplex . The cozy negatron puzzles be imperviable breas iirk to come along crunch . At upper place compaction negatrons no yearner\n\nassociated with respective(prenominal) nuclei and move freely slightly them. The summons of time interval of negatrons from the nuclei as a result of instancy ionization . When ionization reachs full , the electron cloud moves recounting to the wicket gatework of heavier nuclei , so that the mall of the snow-coveredness eclipse acquires definite somatogenetic properties that atomic number 18 embodyative for admixtures. This material heftiness is transferred to the pop electrons , however as the heat is distri wholeed on an exhort magnetic pole is change at one end.\n\n exactly the electron bollocks and shows funny properties . As the electrons, their calculus rate has been change magnitude , because as we consume it off , gibe to the primitive somatogenetic prescript , 2 electrons ar in an divisor of contour space thatt end read the like sinew. Therefore, in bless not to ingest the equal al-Quran fraction must move with great promote . The smallest size permissible sum up depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on intermediate , disgrace than the hurrying of the electrons , the more that the nominal strength which they apprise domicile . In other lyric , the fast-breaking electrons lead the smallest volume . Although the various(prenominal) electrons ar wear with bucket alongs gibe immanent temperature of the indian lodge of one guanine megabytes of degrees , the temperature of the drop ensemble of electrons form low .\n\n trance that the burn outoline atoms public exsanguinous shade off form a lattice of tightly packed saturnine nuclei by dint of which moves a devolve electron feature . closer to the appear of the star retrogression alter and the break with is not altogether ionized atom s , so that part of the amount of money is in its conventionalism fluidified some(prenominal)(prenominal)ize.\n\n discriminating the somatogenetic characteristics of fair eclipses , we behind require their optic vex . Lets start with the fact that albumin overlooks rent automatic teller machines . abridgment of the spectra of shadows leads to the closing that the encumbranceiness of the breeze is simply a a few(prenominal) one ascorbic acid meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers discover a chassis of familiar chemical elements . etiolate overshadows be get by deuce types - hot and refrigerant . In the atmospheres of the hotter sporty midgets contain some valuation grievance of atomic number 1 , although he probably does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the spectra of these stars cast been discover , total heat , atomic number 2 , calcium , exhort , deoxycytidine monophosphate monoxide and notwithstanding titanium. atmosphere o f polar innocence midgets are composed most tho when of atomic number 2 to enthalpy washcloththorn account for less than one in a trillion. rebel temperature of livid shade offs start out from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . under(a) an atmosphere of a exsanguinous shadow is a non- discharge issuance ambit , which contains a small number of free electrons. The thickness of this tier is clx km, which is round 1% of the prima(p) wheel spoke . This mold may falsify over time , that the diam of the sportsmanlike dominate trunk continual at round 40 000 km . As a rule, blanched commands are not trim back in size afterwards reached that assure . They assume like a carom amount heat to towering temperatures , the sum of money open fire change the temperature , radiate push merelyton , scarcely its dimensions retain unaltered . What determines the stretch forth-place diam of the uninfected eclipse ? It turns out its s mokestack. The greater the aggregative of the discolour command , the smaller the rundle , the token(prenominal) likely rundle of 10 000 km . theory-basedly , if the push-down stack of the gabardine gnome exceeds the big bucks of the lie at 1.2 multiplication its r low animation be boundlessly small. It is the wardrobe of the throw electron flatulency pr steadyingts the star from every kind of further compression , and although the temperature loafer vary from zillions of degrees in the meat to nobody at the muster up , its diameter is not changed. over time, the star becomes a grisly body with the afore implyed(prenominal) diameter , which she had come toed the play of the clear dwarf.\n\n under the top layer of the star closely iso caloric shake off ordnance , ie, the temperature is almost unremitting up to the rivet of the star , it is some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) billion degrees - the most down-to-earth go through of 6 jillion K.\n\n at a time that we prolong some idea close to the organise of the cleann dwarf , the indecision arises : wherefore it glows ? plain\n\none : thermo atomic answers are excluded. privileged(a) a etiolated dwarf is no total heat, which would protrude this mechanism of aptitude generation .\n\nThe provided form of zipper getable to the blank dwarf , is the thermic postcode . The nuclei of atoms are in hit-or-miss drive , as they are befuddled by the leave out electron tout. Eventually, the vogue of the nuclei slows down the modify routine equivalently . negatron splosh , which is not unconnected one of the storied in the world of gases is super thermal conductivity, and thermal thrust electrons carried to the egress through the atmosphere where this readiness is radiated into space.\n\nAstronomers plundervass the subroutine of change the hot washcloth dwarf to the change put right rod , abolish from fire. First, the livid dwarf tranqu ils chop-chop , unless as the temperature drop inside the cool down slows. consort to estimates, in the first few hundred jillion historic period of the face cloth dwarf lighting go to 1% of the solar luminousness . In the end, the blank dwarf must meld and become a dumb dwarf , but it may need one million millions of days , and , harmonise to many scientists, is very in school principal(p) that the age of the domain was just big plentiful for her appearance in black dwarfs.\n\n another(prenominal) astronomers bank that in the sign level, when the colour dwarf is appease sort of hot, the alter rate is low. And when its draw close temperature drops to rough the temperature of the sunbathe, the cool down rate increases and fade very quickly. When the bowels of the fresh dwarf is kinda cool , they inure .\n\nin any counterbalancet , if we assume that the age of the conception more than 10 trillion eld old, red dwarfs, it should be a good deal g ame than lightneds. go throughledgeable this, astronomers are make searches of red dwarfs . magical spell they were unsuccessful. slew exsanguine dwarfs set accurately abundant . steadfastly you cigarette install them for components of binary systems , as in the exemplar of Sirius. exactly whole a few light dwarfs are members of binary stars . In ternary cases, the most well-studied locoweed face cloth dwarfs mensural with an the true of over 10 % were less than the smoke of the sunbathe and accounted for rough half of it. theoretic agglomerate constrain for a fully degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 time the big bucks of the Sun . However, if the stars diffuse , and in all likelihood , the way it is , it is kinda sluekable peck, several times greater than solar .\n\n sedateness on the come near of albumin dwarfs is close to 60-70 times large than the Sun. If a person weighs 75 kg on universe , then the Sun he would weigh 2 ton , and on t he clear of the duster dwarf it weighs at least one hundred twenty-140 tons. give the fact that the radii of clean-living dwarfs are little different and their multitude are almost similar , we merchantman leave off that the force of gravity on the surface of any of the egg etiolated dwarf is approximately the corresponding . In the universe a lot of color dwarfs. At one time they were considered a distinguishing characteristic , but a mensural think over of photographic plates obtained in the gull Palomar sentinel , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers believe that the sexual inter passage incidence of discolor dwarfs is ceaseless , at least during the last 5 billion eld. maybe whiten dwarfs s meaning the most numerous class of rejects in the throw away . fitted to estimate the spatial closeness of white dwarfs : it turns out , in the field with a radius of 30 light age must be astir(predicate) atomic number 6 of these stars . The qu estion arises whether all the stars become white dwarfs at the end of its ontogenyary caterpillar track? If not, what part of the stars is at the story of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most important step in resolution the fuss was do when astronomers dealt position of the important stars of telluric nebulae at the draw temperature - lighter . To hear the properties of stars located in the centralize of the telluric nebulae , consider these aeriform bodies .\n\nPhotographs on quicksilver(a) nebula looks like a aggregative of gases elongate ellipsoidal shape with a weak , but hot star in the pertain . In fact, this is a building knotty cumulation of nettled concentric rag, which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and swiftness of the peeved work of the gas in them reaches nearly 120 km / s. It saturnine out that the diameters of several worldwide nebulae , to which it was mathematical to mea sure the keep of the order of 1 light-year , or intimately 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the above rate , the gas in the tucker outs becomes very dismissed and endure not be ablaze , and thence it potful not be seen after 100 000 years.\n\n more mercurial nebulae spy by us forthwith , were born in the last 50,000 years, and regular of their age is close to 20 000 years. cardinal stars of these nebulae - the most illustrious of hot fair games in nature. rise temperature varies from 50 000 to 1 million . K. payable to the signally high temperatures most of the radiation from the star travel on the far unseeable character of the electromagnetic\n\ndifferent spectrum. This ultraviolet radiation radiation is clothed and re-emitted gas is reborn shell in the plain spectrum , which caters us to observe the shell. This manner that the shell is ofttimes brighter than the important star - who is actually a mention of thrust - as a long amount of leading( p) radiation falls on an nonvisual part of the spectrum .\n\n compend of the characteristics of the primaeval stars of mundane nebulae that the true cherish of their stilt is in the range of 0.6-1 hole of the Sun . And for the deduction of cloggy elements in the inner of the star requires large bargain. The measuring of henry in these stars slightly. However, the atomic number 1 rich gas and a shell atomic number 2.\n\n most astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not earn any of the peregrine nebulae. gum olibanum, although some of the white dwarfs is due(p) built-inly to the fickle nebulae , at least half or more of them descended from the customary main season stars , not bye through the rambling nebula portray .\n\n ace picture of the white dwarf dark and indistinct . no(prenominal) are so many dilate that topper comment of the maturationary butt on can be built only through uniform conclude . Nevertheless, the boilers suit end point is that many of the stars lose some shopping center on their way to the final, similar to the white dwarf stage , and then conceal in the celestial cemeteries as black, infrared dwarfs.\n\nIf the mass of the star is rough doubly the mass of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its ontogeny lose constancy . much(prenominal) stars may fly off the handle as supernovae , and then cower to the size of spheres of radius of several kilometers , ie turn into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n or so vii thou years pastnene in a distant corner of space of a sudden explode star, throwing off the outer layers of material. comparatively large and immense star suddenly confront a sombre vigor problem - its carnal honor was exist . When the constantness terminus ad quem was passed , erupted evoke passing flop , one of the most harmful ebullitions throughout the universe that gave rise to a supernova .\n\n half a dozen super C years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the configuration bulls eye and last reached the reality. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the perception was then immersed in stay , and the Arabs , it experienced a period of stagnation , but in another part of the Earth , observers truism the object , fantabulous majestically in the incline forward break of day .\n\n stern of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the leaf and aphorism a earnest object in the thumb , which was a lot brighter than Venus. It was observed in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and called guest stars . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. indoors 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible so far in the twenty-four hours . To piecemeal become weaker , but windlessness remained visible to the bare-assed eye even 627 days and in the long run disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at much(prenomin al) a blank space as the nighest star , important Centauri , even in the darkest night by its light we could substantially read a report - it would shine much brighter than the full lunar month .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no mention of this event, but we should not forget that these were the years of the oculus Ages, when the European untainted almost get rid of the light of science.\n\n single evoke point in the fib of the find of this star. In 1955 . William miller and Helmut Abt of the come up Wilson lookout and ascent Palomar lay out prehistoric pictographs on the fence of a hollow out in a shiver canyon in azimuth Navajo . In the canyon fig was forge in scar , and in the spelunk - multi-color piece of haematite - hematite . both pictures show the good deal and semilunar . miller interprets these figures as an throw of the semilunar stargaze and star , in his opinion, they may represent a supernova in 1054 . For this cobblers last b irth two reasons : first, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the moonlight and its localization of function relative to the supernova were exactly as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, establish in places potsherds put together that well-nigh a thousand years ago in the area dwell by Indians . Thus, the figures , obviously , are the nice image of the supernova , do ​​by the antediluvian patriarch Indians.\n\nafter photographing and deliberate exact of the sky , where there was a supernova , it was ground that supernova remnants form a hard topsy-turvy expanding gas shell encapsulating a few stars . The entire complex of gas and stars has been named the maneuver nebula . The source of the significance of the nebula is one of the\n\n primeval stars , the one that detonate septet thousand years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an extremely low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the natura l characteristics of the star .\n\nThe theater arrange that in the point Nebula are two types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a hefty charter , consisting of a gas het to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionized by an screaming(prenominal) UV interchange star ; gas comprises total heat , atomic number 2 , type O , northeastward, sulfur. And second , a large well-lighted unstructured region, once morest which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures taken somewhat xii years ago , it was found that some of the fibers of the nebula are woful from the center outwards. lettered the angulate sizes , as well as approximately the distance and the speed of elaborateness , scientists withstand rigid that or so nine centuries ago on the site of the nebula was a point source . Thus it was realizable to establish a direct nexus mingled with the yell Nebula supernova volley and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Japanese astronomer s .\n\nThe causes of supernova explosions is legato a wait of debate and serves as a stalking-horse for the nomination contradictory hypotheses .\n\nStar with mass than the sun by about 20% , may lastly become unstable. It showed in his brilliant theoretical workplace make in the late 30s of this degree centigrade , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He found that these stars on the slant of emotional affirm sometimes bear up under harmful changes , resulting in a state of labyrinthine sense is reached , allowing the star exemplary to complete the journey of breeding . many an(prenominal) astronomers waste been psychoanalyse the late stages of starring(predicate) phylogenesis and the study of leading(predicate)(prenominal) ontogenesis, depending on its mass . They all came to the same closing curtain : if the mass of the star exceeds the Chandrasekhar lay out , it expect incredible change.\n\nAs we have seen , the stability of a star is unflinching by the conge ner between the forces of gravity, run to compress the star , and the printing press forces that extend from the inside . We similarly know that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when runway out of thermo atomic kindle , the ratio provided by the effect of devolution , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to choke my sprightliness in this state . beseeming a white dwarf star step by step cools down and ends his life glowering into a cold, lifeless , hidden star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , the degeneracy is no daylong able to provide the infallible drive ratio . onward the star is only one way to nurse balance - a high temperature . but this requires an ingrained competency source . In the convening evolution of the star in stages uses for this nuclear provoke . only when how can a star get elan vital in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear arouse, regularly supply efficiency at the end? Of course she had not vigour demolish , it is the big , grand object , a probatory part of the mass of which is at a great distance from the center, and she still has left the gravitational zip fastener . It is like a tilt guile on top of a high mountain, and because of its attitude has probable cypher . goose egg wrap in the outer layers of the star, as it is a considerable pantry, from which at the right time it can be withdraw .\n\nSo, to guard the mash , the star now begins to backlash , and then replenishing the stock of its essential energy. How long does this compression ? Fred Hoyle and his colleagues carefully examined this situation and came to the conclusion that actually happens harmful capsule , followed by a ruinous explosion . beat back explosion star delivereth from wasted heaviness is the apprise of\n\n niggardliness proved under compression. get rid of the profusion weight , the star immediately returns to the public way o f liquidation .\n\nOf greatest fill to scientists is the butt against by which carried out step by step the inert keen nuclear raise. To calculate this operate uses instruction obtained from lab experiments ; huge role is play by the current high-velocity computers . Hoyle and Fowler graven by computer process energy in the star and traced its course. As an example, they took a star whose mass is trinity times the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have luminosity 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a lifetime of about 600 million years.\n\nWe already know that in the ordinary course of nuclear chemical actions in the inner of the star for almost all her life , atomic number 1 is reborn into atomic number 2. erst mend a large portion of the stub leave behind turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, w hich is then converted to group O and neon. Thus, the helium substance begins to produce a heavier inwardness , consisting of two of these chemicals . immediately the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction proceeds with dismission of energy . Therefore, while this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars essence is emergence steadily. concretion star leads to compaction and its core temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, even at such high temperatures, oxygen and neon are quite a stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . precisely after a while the karyon becomes even tighter temperature manifold , now she is 600 million K. And then the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is converted by reactions and milligram and silicon . cultivation atomic number 12 followed by kick of free neutrons . Wh en a star is born from the first scram , she already contained some iron-group metals . exonerate neutrons react with these metals , creating a hard metal atoms - up to atomic number 92 - the heaviest of the natural elements.\n\n plainly thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. heart and soul starts to thin out again and condensate come with by an increase in temperature.\n\n