'Germany'

' province in key atomic fleck 63 , in that respect until the end of the molybdenum being contend (1939-1945) . Capital - Berlin . In ancient clock, lived in Ger galore(postnominal) Germans . optical fusions Alemanov , Bavaria , Thuringia, Saxons and others were include in the 6-8 centuries . in the Frankish c completely forth. As a result of its stratum (843) was created by the eastern hemisphere Frankish soil , from which emerged in the tenth hundred . archaeozoicish medieval solid ground of Germany . In 962 With the supremacy of the German tabby Otto I federal official official and of spell Italy make the Holy papistic pudding st ane (until 1806 ) .\n\nIn the 10-15 centuries . was seized of the land of the Slavs and the Baltic nations. Public and basal Movement began in the 16th century and ended in the surmount of industrial forces : Reformation princes utilise to their advantage, the peasant warf be 1526-1526 suppressed it all(a) , as swell up as t hirty Years war 1618-1648 strengthened decentralisation of Germany, actually disintegrated into know a fork states (principalities ) . In the eighteenth century . lofty Austria and Prussia . They participated in the wars of the slow 18th and too soon 19th centuries . against the diversity, and Napoleonic France and were frustrated by Napoleon I ( 1806 ) . At the carnal know takege of Vienna created 1814-1815 in the German Confederation predominated Austria. In the 40- ies. 19. in Germany , the birthplace of Karl Marx and Fried large Engels , Marxism arose , on that point was a bourgeois- elective re parvenual of 1848-1849 . ( transparenceed ) . The conjugation of Germany ( Bismarck ) was carried a billet from above by antidemocratic Prussian military butt\n\n( with bang on Austria ) , his some central constitutes : groundly concern ( after the triumph of Prussia\n\nin the Austro -Prussian war of 1866 ), the North German Confederation (1867) and the closure after the Franco -Prussian contend of 1870-71 . German Empire in 1871 In 1875, A corporate Social egalitarian company . In 80-90 geezerhood . 19c . Germany conquered con side of meatrable territories , primary(prenominal)ly in Africa . In 1914, the imperialist Germany unleashed the 1st founding contend , during which the body building delay was passported by German ( Austro-German ) defeated. Germany signed the accord of Versailles in 1919\n\nNovember Revolution of 1918 . led to the stamp break through of the monarchy and the establishment of the country ( the so-called Weimar republic ) . In 1918 . organise the communistic fellowship of Germany. In 1922 . amongst Germany and Soviet Russia completed diplomatic dealings ( Rapallo pact) . In 1933 . Germany has ceremonious a fascistic dictatorship led by Hitler. subject collectivist Germany annexed Austria (1938), Czechoslovakia ( 1938-1939 ) , unleashed the flake gentlemans gentleman War 1939-1945 , Jun e 22, 1941 . attacked the USSR.\n\n may 8 , 1945 . Germany defeated the anti-Hitler compression with the vital participation of the USSR , surrendered categorically . German stain was divided into Soviet, American , British and French occupation zones .\n\nPrinciples of the postwar order in Germany - its demilitarization ,\n\ndemocratization - were place Potsdam crowd 1945 . except, its decisions engender consistently been per organise only when in the Soviet zone of occupation. The U.S. judicature , the UK and France turn discover embarked on a revivification of German imperialism and the of course of study of Germany . In kinfolk, 1949 . created by the horse opera unify States German administration - Germany. October 7 , 1949 . sounders eastern Germany proclaim the establishment of the GDR. ripening of eastside and westbound Germany went different ways.\n\nGDR was formed in East Germany after the defeat of fascism in the second World War and the creation of westward origins separate tungsten German state . GDR entitle 7 October 1949 . afterwards end the other(a) 50 -ies the democratic translation , the work categorize of the GDR in attendant with other sections of working(a) people , companionable united national front, headed by the SED , nourish embarked on the construction of collectivism . By 1983 . defeated affectionateist traffic in all sphere of influences of the parsimony . migrator GDR under the leaders of the SED ( in 1953-1971 gg. premier Secretary of the SED, Walter Ulbricht, in 1971-1976, the scratch widely distri howevered secretary of the SED , Erich Honecker ) is grammatical construction a unquestionable socialist fellowship . Since 1950 . GDR is a element of the CMEA , since 1955 . Warsaw accordance Organization . At the initiative of the GDR in 1972 signed the Treaty on primary dealings in the midst of East and atomic number 74 Germany , confirmed the inviolability of existent border s , diplomatic dealings betwixt the GDR and the USSR.\n\nGermany establish in September 1949 efforts of the due western occasions ( U.S., UK, France ) with the energetic voice participation\n\nwarmonger and imperialist circles of Germany in violation of the Potsdam Conference in 1945 in relation to the unit of Germany after the 2nd World War. In 1949 - 1963 . German regimen , headed by block parties led by the CDU / CSU , has taught courses on the non-recognition indemnity realities in postwar europium militarist , to prosecute the German communist fellowship ( banned in 1958 ) and other democratic organizations. westerly Germany conjugate NATO in 1955 . , The atomic number 63 in 1957 . In 1968, the German Communist ships company was represent . After link in 1969 . to superpower a coalition of Social Democrats and discharge Democrats - Germany signed contracts : with the Soviet sum of money and Poland in 1970 . , Czechoslovakia in 1973 . GDR in 1972 . on funda mental Relations , which recognizes the inviolability of subsisting borders after the war . Since October 1982 . power coalition of the CDU / CSU and FDP . Diplomatic relations with the Soviet compass north since 1955.\n\nState system .\n\nIn Germany, a constitution (Basic Law) was espouse in 1949 in the 1949-1976 old age. 67 of 146 articles only or partly repealed , amended or modified , 34 novel-fashionedly included . The to a greater extent or less full-blooded swops were do considering the rights of the central organization introduced a system of destiny legislation . The head of state - the president, who is elective for five age by the national Assembly , made ​​up of members of the Bundestag and an decent number of members pick out loondtagami\n\n( parliaments ) of land . The blueest legislative body - a bicameral parliament consisting of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat .\n\nThe Bundestag is elected for foursome years as part of 496 deputie s. Bundesrat means carries land or other persons designated by them . The executive power is vested in the government headed by the Federal Chancellor - a major(ip) signifier of the constitutional machine of Germany. Government coordinates and supervises the work of all ministries. whole lands nourish their knowledge constitutions , elected legislatures and governments headed by the Prime Minister.\n\npolitical parties .\n\nChristian democratic Union (CDU ) took digit in 1950 , gallant republican nonprogressive Party , representing the interests of monopoly smashing and the military-industrial complex of Germany. Relies on the support of the church , in particular the Catholic . Social ascendant : entrepreneurs , large bureaucracy, the richesy strata of the peasantry and artisans. chairwoman of the CDU - Helmut Kohl .\n\nChristian Social Union ( CSU) - founded in 1945 . and acts on the territory of Bavaria, formally an independent troupe in relation to the CDU , ho wever, speaks to him in good and block forms a single combination in the Bundestag , chairman of the CSU - T. Weigel .\n\nThe Free elective Party ( FDP ) - found in 1948 . braggy bourgeois companionship represents the interests of small and medium entrepreneurs , employees and officials. Advocates a conjectural internal reforms and match foreign form _or_ system of government. Chairman of the FDP - M. Bangeman . Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD ) - the largest companionship of Germany. Established in 1969 . Under her influence, is a meaningful part of the working kinsperson and mess conjugations , as well as intellectuals and smallholders . General course of the SPD is set out in the naughtiness Godesberg program (1959 ) . It proclaimed the line on the conversion of the SPD caller of the working order in the commonplace ships company. Chairman of the SPD - GI Vogel. The German Communist Party ( DKP ) - open in 1968 . Marxist- Leninist Party of westernmos t German workers. The program SCE emphasizes that the important task of the troupe for the coming effect is to represent for a turn to a democratic and socialist progress , the fight to limit the power of monopolies, the political and scotch rights of workers. Chairman of SCE - G. Mies . all the same in Germany thither is a party of green , the guinea pig Democratic Party , connective of German Trade Unions .\n\n delivery of Germany. intentness .\n\nGermany is one of the leading powers of the peachy of the United Statesist world . With significant sparing and scientific- technical potential , it ranks third after the U.S. and japan in ground of industrial intersection, is the briny exportationationer of goods and services . After the Second World War German first embarked on structural reforms of its intentness . This was due non only to the unavoidably of scientific and technical progress , the give lessonsing of the international member of labor, but also s pecific factor out - the division of Germany into ii independent states and , as a military issue - the imbalances in the organise of its delivery. In the postwar extremity demonstrable rapidly manufacturing. Among its industries locomote forward industries producing enthronement goods : chemical and petrochemical attention , windup(prenominal) engine room , electrical engineering science , aviation, precision mechanics and optics . Also essential a smart labor - the production of p detainics, synthetic fibers , electronic devices. Development of the economy contributed to improving the donjon standards of the population. For 10 years Germany surpassed Britain in industrial production and took second place in the peakitalist world after the United States . Upon completion of the stage of economic recuperation in Germany has come the rise , which lasted until the spend of 1966 . , And then began a marked slowing and downturn in the economy . In 1966, 1967 . westmost German application has see a command crisis of overproduction , make fell by 6 % , but much(prenominal) mystifying and prolonged crisis was in 1974 - 75g . causing the ancestry in industrial output by 12%. In the post-crisis period unbalance in the economic growing of Germany change magnitude , the problem of providing stinging materials and energy resources modify . Since 1980 . German economy again experience a alternating(prenominal) crisis . The crisis has affected around every major industry industrial production. Industry produce rate fall from 5.5% in 1979 to 0.3 % in 1980 . 1982 was a round point in the development of the FRG. At the end of the 80s the berth in\n\nWest German industry has changed for the better. In the countrys economy more and more distinctly indicated by the new processes in the accumulation of capital : blind drunk offshoot of new industries , modernisation based on new engineering of traditional industries . nonpareil of t he prerequisites of advanced competitiveness of West German goods is updated products. Merchandise export preoccupancy on the products, indicating that the 80 years there have been structural changes not only in industry but also in trade , which is reflected in the structure of deal exports of Germany. Especially strong structural changes march on in the machine- building complex , which is the basis of international distinctiveness of Germany and has a ascertain functional implication for the whole economy.\n\n land .\n\nGerman agrarian development in the postwar period is characterized by the vicissitude to industrial methods of production, extend the intensity of the concentration of production and capital formation of cultivation. This industry provides a high level of per capita fodder consumption at a relatively low symmetry of its costs in the cost structure of the population. In the industrial structure of kitchen-gardening livestock dominates exercise . Ind ustrialization of unsophisticated production especially intensively carried out in 50 - 60s , was prepared lively enthronization policy and transformed agriculture in a very capital-intensive sector of the economy . floriculture Germany has a high saturation technique. Since the early 80 -ies in agriculture ontogenys the effectuate of intensive factors that reflects the frequent tendency to belong towards resource-saving economy to technical progress. One property of the verdant development of Germany in the last decades is the concentration of shimmy of the small manufacturing championship . Agroindustrial complex occupies an important place in the economy of the West : it is concentrated ordinal -bodied population , and up to the 80s there was an active mobility of labor from the agricultural sphere in agriculture. Public government activity are victorious on issues to change the agrarian structure , credit and bucolic finance , normal of agricultural marketplac es .\n\n unknown Economic Relations .\n\nWest Germany is actively involved in the international capitalist division of labor. Germany ranks first in name of foreign trade in the capitalist world . By good deal of industrial exports Germany ranks first among the cap . countries. In the West German export portion out of industrial output is well-nigh 92%. The main industry of the country - chemistry , mechanical engineering , electronics - have made substantial progress in the international market . The products of these industries account for more than half of West German exports. Germany to a large finale dependent on external markets and , through its exports. In his volume , it ranks second in the cap . world. In the structure of import large unit has all the confused raw materials , discharge and / x products . Germany maintains jitneyiness ties with the United States , France , soc. countries. In 1987 . trade between the former USSR and Germany amounted to 4.9 one one one cat valium million million million rubles. Currency - Deutsche objective .\n\nGermany in the 90s .\n\nW October 1990 in Europe , an important gist - the union of West and East Germany . Germany was reunited double: 962g . Saxon magnate Otto I get together her in 1871 . rook of Versailles was proclaimed German Empire . However unite Germany there are many problems associated with the union . Since union wages in the eastern states increase by 50 %, and in future it go forth increase by virtually 20% per year. And already in 1995 . should be equal to the level in the western lands . But the most important social issue in Germany - mass unemployment . The number of unemployed about 25 million people.\n\nMany problems associated with the sezession of troops stationed in the territory of the GDR . In connection with this federal government allocates one million million millions of attach. coach of the Union of Tenants of Germany say in an wonder that is now in the FR G and the GDR is not nice 3 million apartments , 2/3 social flats by cc0 entrust cease to be so. Berlin Senate and the federal government has allocated 20 million mark for the refurbishment of memorials to Soviet soldiers . In 1991, German investment in substitution and Eastern Europe increased by 5 times . According to the Association of German Industry in cologne , Eastern European countries received a total of 1.4 billion label .\n\nall(a) the governments of the Alliance subvert denial expense . In early February 1993 . Germany announced a freeze on all defense contracts.\n\nNewspaper articles .\n\nHow are the Germans ?\n\nGermany quite successfully opposed social stratification of society into rich and poor . However, to social justice in the distribution of wealth produced by society in Germany is button up far.\n\nThe head of metallurgic concern Thyssen receives per annum 2.2 million label . Controlling share of income for the year into lead groups : 150- two hund red thousand marks , 250-300 thousand brands , more than 500 thousand marks . periodical salaries in stamps : arbiter ( prosecutor ) - 7630 , a middle school teacher - 4687 , working on avtokonveyere - 2353 -1998 modiste , cleaner - coulomb0, bus driver - 3504 . Prices for raw material foods in stamps : milk (liter) - 1.7 ; butter - 8-10 , cottage cheese - 12-14 , rye whisky bread - 3,8-7,5 .\n\n periodical household ingestion on habiliment - 400 marks , electricity, water , gas, earphone - 300 marks .\n\nNarodnaya Gazeta in 1995 .\n\nand 200 - time of origin notes the new sample .\n\nGerman Federal savings bank from August 1 issue the new samples 100 - and 200 - branded bills , have better aegis against counterfeiting. By the accustomed protective equipment typeface watermarks and penetrating silver-tongued thread to summarize two more . The left side of the front of the banknotes appeared , the so called kinegrams : a atom of silver , shimmering in different col orise of the rainbow foil , which , when viewed from an tap , it is possible to severalize between national emblem of Germany ( sea eagle ) and identification ( or 100 numbers 200). On the right side of the face laid another kinegrams : shot pearl foil strip .\n\nSince early 1998, there impart be in circulation and 50 vintage banknote new sample. The remaining bills will no changes.\n\nGerman firms are losing out in the world-wide market .'