Issues Of Construction And Demolition Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

Issues Of Construction And end negate Environmental Sciences EssayConstruction uncivilised is decent a serious environmental problem in many countries in the world. Construction and wipe turn up (C and D) debris frequently makes up 10-30% of the excess receive at many landfill land sites around the world (Fishbein, 1998). The construction industry has yen been regarded as one of the major contri justors of contradict bushel to the environment, due to the superior amount of dotty generated from construction, devastation, return and activities associated with construction. The construction industry plays a evidentiary role in Malaysias emergence both in terms of infrastructure and economic development. crazy minimisation and effective eat up perplexity is a closely pressing issue flatadays. Construction is a crotchety industry. The success or failure of a project is relying on the accuracy estimation by end-to-end the course of the project. In this chapter, the timber or timberland and asphalt atomic number 18 usu in ally apply in the construction industry go forth be reviewed follow by the discussion to carry out by researcher in recycle technical for construction and demolish dissolution. Besides that, this chapter too carries out and identifies harvest-times flummox from construction and demolishes waste in construction site.2.2 Definition of Construction and devastation depopulateWaste is delineate as the-by harvest-time generated and removed from construction, renovation and wipeout workplaces or sites of construction (Cheung, 1993). solid is defined as all wastes in solid bring in which be useless or unwanted and in normal arise from human activities. Construction wastes be wastes generated from founding, destruction and renovation works for various(prenominal) lodgement, commercial buildings and some(a) unsanded(prenominal)s. red-blooded wastes also whoremaster be defined as those wastes from human act ivities. Solid wastes can be sort as municipal waste such as, writing, p hold wateric, food waste and so on. Industries wastes connote construction and devastation waste, hazardous waste and early(a)s (Kiely, 1997).Construction waste are in the forms of building debris, rubble, earth, concrete, steel, timber, and commingle site head seculars, arising from various construction activities including land excavation or formation, civil and building construction, demolition activities, roadwork and building renovation (Shen et al. 2004). Normally construction wastes are the wastage such timber from fabricated formwork, steel when steel bar mooring and so on. Even though prefabricated assemblies such as windows and doors, which are packaged in self-aggrandizing quantities of cardboard, coat or plastic strapping and timberlandwind instrument tend to acquire a epoch-making amount of waste (Dolan, 1999). Construction waste could be classified in the form of solid, liquid, ga solene or combination of all these. Due to the huge use of construction raw clobbers in the industry, there is certainly a ask to evaluate the environmental impact of waste generated from the construction site activities.Construction and demolition (CD) waste is produced during parvenue construction, renovation and demolition of structures such as residential and non- residential buildings, and public work projects such as highways, bridges and so on (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2000). Construction and demolition waste includes bricks, concrete, soil, rock, masonry, paving materials, lumber, shingles, glass, plastic, aluminum, steel, drywall, asphalt, measure fixtures, timberland or timber, cardboard and so on.The construction and demolition (CD) industry generates a significant measuring rod of waste (T subject 1), although directs of total amounts vary in England.Table 1. Quantities of waste from various sources in England (Lawson et al. 2001)2.3 Constru ction Demolition Wastes in MalaysiaOur arena, Malaysia is same as other country, because Malaysia also have been created construction wastes substantially during the action of renovation, virgin construction, demolition and refurbishment such as bricks, concretes, steels, timbers and etcetera. At each stage of unfermented construction, renovation, demolition and refurbishment have created different type of wastes.2.4 Relationships between Construction and Demolition (CD) WasteAlthough construction wastes are standardized to demolition wastes, they are often alterer, because the waste materials usually have not been painted or confused with other materials. Construction wastes are also generated in distinct stages as construction progresses. For example, framing and everyplacelay produces crowing quantities of forest waste drywalling produces waste sheet rock pallets, metal, plastics and cardboard during plumbing and mechanical installations. The attendant nature of cons truction allows targeted recovery of specific recyclable materials as a construction project proceeds. In remodeling projects, manual demolition provides the say-so for a high degree of source separation.Demolition waste is more difficult to source-separate than construction waste. Reusable items and certain recyclables are sometimes recovered before mechanical demolition begins. There are two type of demolition which is manual and mechanical. Manual demolition, also kn witness as deconstruction, can maximize the separation and recovery of recyclable materials, but is not always feasible. Mechanical demolition is done by bulldozer or excavator, tends to crush and combine materials, limiting source-separation, unless recovery facilities that sort commingle materials are available. Mechanically crushed materials are commonly land filled, with limited attempts at recovery (Clark area Washington, 2008)2.5 Contamination of Construction and Demolition (CD) WasteWaste from new constru ction is composed primarily of a mixture of unused or damaged raw materials, as well as off-cuts (discarded cut material) and packaging. Demolition waste includes actual building fates, such as full length studs and concrete slabs. The voluminousst component of demolition waste is concrete followed by brick, wood and metals.Waste materials from new construction are usually clean and relatively uncontaminated, whereas demolition waste materials are often dirty or contaminated and are mixed with other materials. These differences between construction and demolition (CD) wastes create specific opportunities and challenges for waste reduction.The contamination of construction and demolition (CD) wastes can hold various formsMixed contaminationMixed contamination is resulting from mixing of materials during excavation from site. Waste concrete removed, for example, from a floor whitethorn be mixed with contaminated soil, other materials or other wastes. It will cause the negative impa ct on the potential for recycle concrete. turn out contaminationSurface contamination is materials that have been used in foundations, road construction or in ground works are likely to have been in intimate contact with soil. Surface contamination could also include coatings and sheeting that have been used to protect the materials during their service life but a barrier to recycle. indifferent contaminationAbsorbed contamination is contaminants that are soluble and mobile can potentially be wrapped into porous building materials. These contaminants are likely to be preset in groundwater or contaminated surface water. (Lawson et al. 2001)2.6 Sources of Construction WastesThe construction wastes are usually generated by the construction activities take place. It consist all building materials that being used for construction purposes. Material wastes are unavoidable. One of the reasons to identify the source of construction wastes is to make the recycle potential of construction wastes. The major construction wastes are bricks, concretes, timbers, glasses, metals, asphalt, plastic and others. Each of them have own characteristic. In this chapter will review two construction wastes which are timber and asphalt.2.6.1 Timber/ timber timberland is produced by trees and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for construction purposes when cut into lumber and timber such as board, plank, and similar materials. Wood can be very flexible below loads, keeping effectiveness when bending and it is also incredibly strong when compressed it into vertically. Wood is a generic building material and used in building just about any type of structure in well-nigh climates. There are many different type and quality of woods. This means specific species are infract for various uses than other. Deciding the wood used in construction activities is depends on the woods quality.Historically, wood for large building structures was used in its unprocessed form as logs. The trees w ere just cut into the implyed length, sometimes stripped of bark, and then notched in to place. In earlier times, some fictional characters of the world, many country homes or communities had a personal wood lot from which the family or community would grow and harvest trees to build with. These lots would be tended to like a garden. With the invention of mechanizing saws came the mass production of dimensional lumber. This do buildings to launch up and more uniform quickly. Thus, the modern western style home was made.Wood is one of the most frequent used by human in the world. Wood and the by-products are found in all area of modern existence, the timber is usually used in construction, furniture and domestic uses to fibre board, chipboard, paper, newspaper publisher and cardboard. As usage for construction material, wood is strong, light, durable, flexible and easily worked. It has excellent insulating properties. In contrast to the substitutes for wood used in structural an d architectural such as brick, concrete, metals and plastics, wood can be produced and transported with exact energy consumed and the products are renewable and usually biodegradable (Koch, 1991).Wood will continue to be a major construction material in subsequent decades in Southeast Asia. A large part of the volume used for construction will be in the form of lumber and plywood but more reconstituted wood- circuit card products will be used in the form of fibre boards, particle board and wood-cement boards. The change magnitude wood supply from vivid woodlands will be supplemented by wood from plantations and secondary or lesser-used species will be adopted more as construction materials. In future non-traditional materials will also be used extensively. Rubber wood looms as an distinguished source for both rearhold furniture and construction.The address stem of cocoa palm palm will be used in a large extent for house construction, particularly for low cost ho development . Laminated products will also become important as the supply of large diameter wood declines further. A more extensive use of nontraditional materials will depend largely on advancing technologies in processing to promote productivity and economy.Nowadays, the growing population causes the increase of housing needs. With the demands, countries of the Southeast Asia are decreasing amounts of their forest resources. In the same time, a diminishing raw(a) forest resource is creating a need to find new sources and new processes for wood based construction materials. The redeem and future use of wood for construction in several ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries had suggested that the future requirements mustiness be met from some unconventional sources and with increased use of new technologies.Wood remains the most important construction material that is available in the region in substantial quantities. In the coming years, wood will still continue to be a m ajor construction material, but in a variety of new forms. Number of unconventional sources will be invented due to the declining supply of traditional tropical species. These will also be supplemented through the increased use of plantation trees and lesser known natural species, supported by technological advances in wood processing.2.6.1.1 Type of Wood in constructioncementum Bonded BoardThis type of wood came in various forms and sizes such as chips, particles or narrow long strips like wood wool that has been bonded with cement to produce panel products for construction. Research on this type of panel was carried out more than 20 years ago in Europe but only now it is being seriously considered in the ASEAN countries. Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand sireed into commercial production of this material. Malaysia produces wood wool cement boards and particle boards bonded with cement. cement bonded boards can be used for external walling. It has sound and heat insulating propert ies and broad to the attack of insects and fungi. It has great potential for low-cost housing because of its cost competitive with other materials (Anonymous, 1984). Wood cement board is light with a niggardliness of only 600 kg/m3. The thermal conductivity of cement-bonded boards is lower than resin-bonded particleboards and is comparable to fibre insulating boards.Glued Laminated WoodGlulam is stand for Glued Laminated Timber. It is made from gluing many small pieces of timber planks together to form deep members. The advantages of using Glued Laminated Timber are strength of the product, the opportunities for creative architectural use especially in slue and tapered beams and excellent fire performance of the product ( Dr Tan et al. 2005).LVL is stands for Laminated Veneer Lumber. It is made from laminating thin sheets of wood which enables very deep and long sections with high strength possible. The other option is the use of Plywood which is made by gluing and pressing thin laminates together to form a sheet. The grain is laminated in alternate directions, which results in strength in two directions. These manufactured products are used in large spans, deep beams and large cross sections that incorporates large span truss. There have many advantages of Laminated Timber for trusses. In terms of material, the product is known for its efficiency and quality. Laminated Timber uses short length and small pieces of wood resources intelligently. On the other hand, the process is subject to certain quality criteria on bonding, finger jointing and wood quality ( Dr Tan et al. 2005).The advantages are also inherent in the process requiredDrying In Glulam, not more than 40mm of thickness is used. Drying and even protective treatment become easier and better quality is attainable.Shape and form Timber could be bent to produce structural members of virtually any shape and size. The final geometry is normally restricted by ease of imparting and handling.Termite, mould and rot General solution is to either specify timber species which are naturally resistant to chemically treat the material accordingly. Proper technical detailing is also essential to minimize movie to sunlight, collection of water and possible termite attack.Glulam trusses are widely used for large span structures for its aesthetic appeal apart from cost effectiveness and this helps by doing away with false ceilings or other cosmetic items. Besides that, the other uses include pre-assembled or knock down Glulam components for transportation purposes, pre-drilled holes and also all radio link hardware (primered, painted or powder-coated) as specified ( Dr Tan et al. 2005).Palm WoodThe possibility of utilizing the coconut bay wreath wood on a commercial scale has been recognized only in the last decade, although usage of wood from palm species has been known by people in the villages since time immemorial. Currently, coconut palm wood has been successfully utilized in a number of coconut growing countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Fiji, the Tonga Islands and others. coco timber is suitable for housing components like trusses, purlins, walls, joists, doors, window frames and jalousies. Low density coconut wood materials (from the centre of the stem) should be used only in non-load structures like walls and panels while high density coconut wood (from the perimeter of the stem) can be used for load-bearing structures like trusses and joints. High density coconut wood could also be used as posts, power and telecommunication poles, trusses, floor tiles (parquet), girts, floor joists, purlins, balustrades and railings and other load bearing structures. When coconut logs are to be used in ground contact under exposed conditions (for examples as posts or as poles for electrical wires) they must be properly treated. Medium density boards can be effectively used for walling, horizontal studs, ceiling joists and door or window frames. As a regulation, if density of coconut wood is below 400 kg/m3, it is should not be used as structural framing materials. However, they can be used in the internal parts of a building as ceiling and wall lining in the form of boards and shingles. A problem related to to structural application of coco wood is the difficulty of nailing and subsequently splitting of high density wood finishes. Coconut wood can be a promising material for the manufacture of furniture and other handicrafts due to its beautiful grain and attractive natural appearance. High observe coconut wood products which include furniture, decorative interior walls, parquet floors, various novelties and curio items like walking sticks, ash trays, hammer handles, bombard cups, plates, bowls, vases and so on. Comparable to the traditional wood species commonly used in the furniture industry as far as appearance is concerned. Thus, with effective product promotion, quality furniture and other high value coconut wood pro ducts can have a potential share not only in the domestic but also in the world markets. Coconut wood has potential for the manufacture of high value and export quality finished products. (Asia Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Focus on Coconut Wood, 1997).2.6.2 AsphaltAsphalt or bitumen can sometimes be confused withtar, which is a similar subdued thermo-plastic material produced by thedestructive distillationofcoal. During the early century, whentown gaswas produced, tar was a promptly available product and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadamroads led to the wordtarmac, which is now used to refer to road making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gassucceeded town gas, asphalt (bitumen) has completely overtaken the use of tar in these applications. Asphalt is used for theoil refineryproduct used to pave roads and manufactureroof shingles.2.7 Waste focusing Planning pricey think is the most important part of constructio n waste lie withment. Like anything else in construction, recycling is straight prior if you have a good blueprint, but becomes a good deal more difficult and big-ticket(prenominal) if its an add-on. Good mean allows to identify all recyclable materials and know how going to manage the site before the job starts. Good planning addresses how each waste material will be handled, what containers will be used and when theyll be on site, and where each material will be marketed. Good planning allows to assess the be and benefits of recycling and decide which materials to source separate, which to recycle as mixed debris, and which to discard as trash. Good planning covers communications, training, and troubleshooting, and lays out tracking and reporting procedures. The Waste Management Plan is the document that lays out the start-to-finish strategy for job site recycling. It is prepared directly from the drawings and specifications for the job, and a good plan will closely follow t hese documents. The Waste Management Plan should includes estimating types and quantities of wastes generated during each phase of the job, identify how each waste will be managed and marketed, provide an estimate of the overall job recycling rate, lay out plans for training, meetings, and other communications related to job-site waste management and provide troubleshooting instructions and contact information. The Waste Management Plan is the cornerstone for successful construction waste recycling and reduction. It is a comprehensive document that provides all of the information mandatory by any individual on site to understand and succeed the waste management goals for the project. All of this can and should be done before you break ground or during the planning stage so that recycling is incorporated seamlessly into overall performance of the job. Its best if the Waste Management Plan is written and signed off on by all parties (owner, architect, and contractor) a month or more before site possession or the first gear day of site work. This allows time for all parties to participate in developing the plan, allows contractors and subcontractors to integrate recycling into their frame-up and work plans, and assures that training can be provided to supervisors and workers. The Waste Management Plan is also a sustenance document, used as a day-to-day reference just like blueprints and specifications. This fact cannot be overemphasized. use procedures or markets may change during the course of a job, these changes should be noted in modifications to the plan. As waste materials move from the site, information on waste and recycling tonnages and costs will be gathered. These should be matched against sign projections, variances should be analyzed, and a running recycling rate should be calculated. Besides that, also should be publicized the recycling rate to laborers and trades. Its a good way to help boost morale, and keep workers striving to achieve recyc ling goals (Construction Materials Management Guidelines, Feb1994).2.8 Construction Waste ManagementConstruction waste management may be defined as the discipline associated withthe control of generation, recovering, processing and disposal of construction wastes in a style that is in accord with the best principles of human health, economic, engineering, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations (Tchobanoglous, 1993). Construction waste management is becoming more pressing problem in worldwide. The management of construction waste is not only of governments certificate of indebtedness but also responsibility of the developer of the particular land area. There are two ways to manage the waste will be discussed later.2.8.1 ReuseThe reuse of waste material is one of the important form of befoulment prevention. It is because these changes reduce the amount of waste generated year to year. Source reduction and reuse are regularly undertaken in developing countries, while the se are only beginning to be practiced widely in industrialized countries. Several obstacles have stop waste prevention efforts including manufacturing decision and consumer buying patterns. For an example, manufacturers have teentsy incentive to consider the cost of waste collection and disposal when designing a product because the consumers do not take these factors into consideration when making purchase decisions.2.8.2 cyclerecycle construction and demolition (CD) waste is defined as using or reuse a material or residual component of a material (Holt, 2001). Besides that, recycling also reprocessing of a reclaimed material and converting it into a new material or use. Recycle construction and demolition (CD) waste can be accomplished in various ways. Deconstruction is one method of recycle construction and demolition (CD) waste.Deconstruction is the disassembly of structures and reuse of their parts. It is believe that there is value in salvaged materials. However for tradition al recycle construction and demolition (CD) waste methods are modifying materials remanufacture. There are many constructions and demolition (CD) waste can be recycled. The expanding the market recycle construction and demolition (CD) waste are depend on the recycled and salvaged goods in the market place, labour costs for removal, sieve and processing and relative disposal cost (Patterson, 2005).2.8.3 The Important of RecyclingThere are some benefits of recycling, including saving energy saving land space, saving money, creating new jobs, reducing railway line and water pollution and preserving habitat for wildlife. It takes less energy to process recycled materials than it does to use virgin materials. For an example, it takes less energy to recycle paper from waste material than it does to create paper from new woodland, because there is no longer a need to cut down a new tree, process the wood from the tree and make it into paper.Energy from non-renewable resources is protect and saved for future generations, money is saved when less energy is used. This is also can mean that more competitively priced goods and often pollution and emissions are reduced when less energy is used. Recycling reduces trash in landfill sites, which cuts down on the cost of waste disposal and the clearing of more land for new landfills when the genuine landfills become too full to store any more waste. Recycling is an easy and less expensive alternative to clearing more land for new landfills. For an example, converting, recycling kitchen waste and yard waste into compost provides a means of free nutritious soil for gardening. Recycling would allow human to reuse the materials over and over again. Decomposing waste often liberation noxious gases and chemicals as it decomposes at landfill sites. These gas and chemicals create air pollution. When the chemicals leach into the groundwater, this will creates water pollution and water is contaminated. In 2000, recycling of solid waste prevented the release of 32.9 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE, the unit of measure for thouhouse gases) into the air. Imagine how much pollution could prevent if instead of landfills had recycling centers. Human could breathe spic-and-span air and drink cleaner water. If the human created more recycling opportunities, this would create more jobs and no one would have to lose their jobs either. Recycling also preserves wildlife. When fewer trees are cut down to make virgin material or to make space landfills, habitat for wildlife remains. More habitats for animals mean less animal extinction. Despite what some may say, recycling is important and it can make a difference. The people may not be able to solve their landfill and pollution problems anytime soon, but at least they can help keep them from getting worse. Recycling is a easy way to do. Start with paper or plastic or both and take them to a recycling bin near your home. For an example, if any people hav e to go grocery obtain fill up a car with a box of recyclable paper and dump it at the recycling bin near the store. Many grocery stores now have these bins available. If not ask them to start or participate in your neighborhoods curbside recycling program. If there isnt one available get one started in the neighborhood. In 2001 United States residents, businesses and institutions generated more than 229 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) (EPA, Municipal Solid Waste in the United States 2001 Final Report). This waste adversely affects the economy and the environment. Conventional methods of disposal involve land filling. These landfills have limited capacity. As waste generation increases, new landfills must be built. Landfills are expensive to build and operate. The landfills are also highly subsidized by local governments and require significant land that then is no longer viable for wildlife habitat or residential, commercial, or recreational development. Waste negative ly impacts the environment. Degradation of the natural landscape occurs through leaching from improperly lined landfills and from the ancestry of resources for new materials. To reduce the amount of waste generation, communities have instituted recycling programs across the country. Recycling has economic and environmental benefits for communities. First, recycling reduces the need for new landfills and associated costs. Second, recycling can support industrial development as the recycled materials serve as raw materials for manufacturing and other uses. For an example, recycled soda bottles are used in carpet manufacturing steel contains 85 portion recycled content and recycled paper is milled for new paper products. By supplying raw materials to industry through the reuse of materials, recycling conserves resources by reducing the need to extract virgin resources or antecede new chemicals into the environment. By not disturbing existing natural resources and by reducing noxious manufacturing processes, recycling prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants. From a community and environmental preservation perspective, recycling conserves green space, protects habitat, and improves quality of life for residents in natural resource locations.Recycling also saves energy through avoided extraction and manufacture processes. This can be a particularly powerful strategy when one realizes that only 10 percent of all materials extracted are used in final products. This means that 90 percent of natural resources extracted for consumer use are disposed of as waste. From an economic perspective, such high values of unused material represent inefficiencies in the market. Missed opportunities exist where inefficiencies are present. Recycling contributes to the economic base of communities. There is significant job creation and business development potential associated with recycling. Jobs in this field involve more than open collection and separati on. The remanufacture of recycled materials supports more than one million manufacturing jobs. As companies seek to find new uses for recycled materials, research and development of greener technologies require skilled individuals and significant capital investment. A wide variety of job skills are needed to develop this industry. Hence, the more robust are the recycling activities which include collection, separation, research, manufacture and resale and the more recycling can advance economic development.The popular phrase, reduce, reuse, recycle has become a household mantra with millions of households separating their plastics, paper, cans and glass and using curbside pick-up, leave out centers, buy-back centers, and deposit refund programs. Certainly within these material streams, a larger percentage of recycling is possible. Further, these materials are only part of the waste stream. There are other materials that may have more impact when recycled. Construction and demolitio n (CD) debris materials are easily recyclable using existing infrastructure and make up larger concentrations of waste volume than cans, bottles, paper and so on. (William McDonough and Michael Braungart. 2002. Cradle to Cradle. New York Northpoint Press). Construction and demolition waste is currently recycled at a rate of 20-30 percent. Project-based studies indicate that the potential for recycling is much high more than 70 percent. While many construction and demolition materials are suitable for recycling, there are external factors that influence the spread of construction and demolition recycling. The value of recycled and salvaged goods in the marketplace, labor costs for removal, sorting and processing, and relative disposal costs all play a role in expanding or contract the market for reuse and recycled goods. Recycled and salvaged goods must be price competitive and perceived to be as loveable as or even more desirable than products produced from virgin materials. Comp etitive pricing is impacted by subsidies, incentives on virgin materials, and market demand. Recycled goods or secondary materials do not benefit from similar policies that could avail their widespread use and resultant competitive pricing. Desirability for recycled materials is a reflection of the value placed upon these goods. This desirableness can be affected by industry and consumer market knowledge and acceptance. However, hesitancy to use recycled goods on the part of bui