Antibody Screening, Identification and Cross Match

Antibody Screening, Identification and Cross MatchAntibody Screening, Identification and Cross Match Case studies from Bristol Memorial HospitalSimon Avery and Malcolm Grey, School of electric cellular phoneular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 ITH succinct Antibody screening, identification, and cross matching invents an essential element of pre-transfusion testing procedure that is of paramount importance in crease bank establishments. Clinically significant antibodies can give birth haemolytic transfusion answers. Antibody screening is crucial for endurings who require kind transfusions to detect the presence of any unexpected antibodies and ensure selection of the most compatible unit. We penning on five diligent case studies regarding the use of antibody screening and identification to select the most appropriate red cell units available. At this time, limited source units were available. An analysis is provided with key emphasis on the importance of antibody cross matching and compatibility testing.Keywords Antibody Screening, Clinically Significant, Compatibility testing, ABO, RhDRed argument prison cells (RBCs) carry a varying number of crinkle assemblage antigens on their cell surface (Dean, 2005). To date, there ar over 600 identified antigens within 30 distinguished snag group systems (Dean, 2005). To ensure the prep atomic number 18dness of safe blood for transfusion, antibody screening and identification is routinely performed in blood bank establishments in accordance with pre-transfusion testing procedures (Makroo et al., 2014). This is primarily achieved through the microcolumn gel technique, which has conk out the most prevalent technique used in blood bank laboratories worldwide (Hwang Shin et al., 2009). The aim is to detect unexpected antibodies and quantify their specificity to provide blood that lacks the corresponding antigen, forming an element of fundamental importance in clinical transfusion (Makroo et al., 2014).Alloimmunisation commonly occurs following blood transfusions and is defined as the immune response to antigens that are recognised as foreign (Yazdanbakhsh, 2012). The most important RBC alloantibodies in transfusion practice include the Rh (D, C, E, c, and e) and Kell antigens, in addition to the Duffy, Kidd, and MNS blood group antigens (Makroo et al., 2014 Dean, 2005). Antibodies that are considered clinically significant can cause haemolytic transfusion reactions, following the accelerated destruction and shortened survival of transfused RBCs (Garratty, 2012). Furthermore, clinically significant antibodies are associated with haemolytic disorder of the foetus and newborn (Daniels et al., 2002). Therefore, it is critical to recognise and consider clinically significant antibodies present in a long-suffering in give to select the most appropriate unit for transfusion (Makarovska-Bojadzieva, 2009). As a result, the blood service aims to provide a regular supply of all blood groups and blood types.In this study, we present a case by case report of antibody screening, identification and cross matching for five tolerants, in addition to the focusing and use of blood units from a limited supply, highlighting the importance of clinically significant antibodies and their detection in transfusion medicine.Materials and Methods perseveringsThe patients included in this study comprise five individuals with varying medical and transfusion history. The details of severally patient are outlined in table 1.IAT Gel Antibody ScreeningDiaMed IAT gel card were used to detect antibodies and performed on all five patients. Each well was labelled with the patient identification number (1-5) with 2 wells used for severally patient. 50l of 0.8% screening Cell Stab reagents and 25l of patients plasma were added to the DiaMed IAT gel cards. Two tells, positive and ostracise, were prepared using 50l of 0.8% O R1r in Cell Stab, with 25l of AB serum added to the negative control and 25l of weak anti-D added to the positive control. Cards were incubated at 37C for 15 minutes and spun in the DiaMed ID-Centrifuge 12 S II for 10 minutes at 1030 rpm. Cards were analysed for agglutination and results were scored accordingly from 0 to 5, where a negative score of 0 indicates no agglutination and a positive score of 5 indicates agglutination.Antibody IdentificationAntibody identification was performed on patients 2, 3, and 4 with a positive antibody screen, using enzyme and IAT panels. A 1% red cell suspension was prepared from 10l packed red cells and 1mL DiaMed diluent. 50l was added to each well followed by 25l of patients plasma. Two controls were prepared. An IAT control was prepared from 50l of R1r control cells and 25l of weak anti-D. An enzyme testing control was prepared using R1R1 control cells and 25l of anti-K. Cards were incubated at 37C for 15 minutes and spun in the DiaMed ID-Centrifuge 12 S II for 10 minutes at 1030 rpm. Cards w ere analysed using a light box and scored accordingly.Compatibility testingDiaMed IAT gel cards were used to perform compatibility tests for each patient against donor units. Each well was labelled accordingly with patient number and donor unit. 50l of 1% donor unit cells in Cell Stab reagents and 25l of patients plasma were added to the corresponding wells. Two controls, positive and negative, were prepared using 50l of 1% O R1r in Cell Stab, with 25l of AB serum added to the negative control and 25l of weak anti-D added to the positive control. Cards were incubated at 37C for 15 minutes and spun in the DiaMed ID-Centrifuge 12 S II for 10 minutes at 1030 rpm. Cards were analysed and scored for agglutination, 0-5.ResultsPatientGender AgeTransfusion History extra Medical Details1Female, 70 years oldNo history of blood transfusionsScheduled for repair of fractured hip joint following a fall2Female, 34 years oldUndergone several surgeries to treat disease. Received blood during last s urgery 5 years ago.Crohns diseaseUndergoing evaluation for unexplained anaemia3Male, 58 years oldReceived 4 units of RBCs during surgery 8 years ago.History of cardiovascular diseaseUndergone nerve centre bypass surgery4Male, 14 years oldReceives frequent blood transfusions for the steering of his condition. Last transfusion dated 6 months ago.Sickle cell anaemiaHistory of anti-K5Female, 19 years oldNo history of blood transfusionsInvolved in a road traffic happeningTable 1 The medical history of each patient, including transfusion history.PatientABO/RhD TypeScreening Cell 1Screening Cell 2Interpretation1A+ *00No antibody detected2A+05Antibody detected3B+30Antibody detected4O+04Antibody detected5O00No antibody detectedTable 2 The ABO and RHD typing of each patient and results obtained from the antibody screening panel. Interpretation of results is excessively provided.* A mix field reaction was detected for patient 1 in the ABO/RHD screening.PatientAntibody PresentProbable Ge notypeFurther Patient Information1Dce/dce R1r (31%)May require more units of red cells in the forthcoming but not today2Anti-c, Anti-EDCe/Dce R1R1 (18%)Requires 2 units today3Anti-Fya, Anti-KDce/dce R0r (Requires 2 units of red cells as soon as possible4Anti-KDce/dce R1r (31%)Requires 3 units of red cells5Dce/dce rr (14%)No time-consuming needs any bloodTable 3 Results of the antibody identification screening panel and transfusion requirements for each patient.PatientUnitABO/RhDAntigens 1GMA / RhD Positive D+C+E-c+e+A / RhD proscribe D-C-E-c+e+K Fya, S, M controvertFya, JKa Negative2SFA / RhD Positive D+C+E-c-e+O / RhD Positive D+C+E-c-e+K, Fya, S, M NegativeK, Fya, S, M, HbS Negative3QRB / RhD Positive D+C-E-c+e+B / RhD Negative D-C+E-c+e+K, Fya, S, M, HbS NegativeK, Fya, S, s, M Negative4JKIO / RhD Positive D+C+E+c+e+O / RhD Positive D+C+E-c+e+O / RhD Positive D+C-E-c+e+K, Fya, S NegativeK, Jka, S, M NegativeK, Fyb, S, Lea Negative5TO / Rhd Negative D-C-E-c+e+Fy a, HbS NegativeTable 4 Compatibility testing of each patient against selected donor units.DiscussionOur first case study is a 70-year-old female who has been admitted for an operation to repair a fracture to her left hip joint, following a fall. The patient has no history of previous blood transfusions and appears in good health. Her son reports that she has been healthy end-to-end her life and only admitted to hospital for child birth. Pre-transfusion testing procedures were carried out to order blood for her upcoming surgery. The results for this patients ABO and RhD typing revealed a miscellaneous field reaction for anti-D. Extended Rh typing also revealed a mixed field reaction for anti-c. Antibody identification was performed to determine if this patient has any clinically significant antibodies, in which none were detected.It is therefore possible that this patients ABO type may be A3, a subgroup of the A blood type. Weak subgroups of A3 are known to cause mixed field reac tions (Dean, 2005), therefore we have requested this patients serum to be typed against A1, A2 and A3 cells. However, extensive ABO and RH typing is required to precisely determine this patients blood phenotype. This patient requires red cell units in the future for a planned operation. The units that have been designated for this patient include unit G and unit B, which are both A RhD positive red cell units. However, a full assessment of this patients blood type must be analysed before the administration of these components.Patient 2 forms our split second case study, a 34-year-old female who suffers from Crohns disease. This patient has been admitted regarding unexplained anaemia. Patient 2 has previously undergone several surgeries to manage her condition. Her last surgery was 7 years ago, in which she received a blood transfusion. This patient has a haemoglobin level of 7.9 g/dL and 2 units of RBCs have been ordered for transfusion today. The antibody identification revealed c linically significant antibodies, including anti-c and anti-E. Most Rh blood group antibodies are warm reacting IgG antibodies that cause haemolytic and delayed transfusion reactions and haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn therefore, they are considered clinically significant. Anti-C and anti-E are most commonly found together in patients, as most patients who have developed anti-E often go on to develop anti-c. The c antigen is highly immunogenic in comparison to the E antigen. As a result, anti-c may cause severe haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in this patient, whereas anti-e may cause a mild reaction. However, as the patients RhD type is positive, it is unlikely that she will require anti-D prophylaxis. This patient requires two RBCs units today. The units that have been designated for this patient include unit S and unit F. Unit S is A RhD positive and unit F is O RhD positive, in which both units are negative for anti-c and anti-E.Our third patient is a 58- year-old male who has been admitted into hospital after complaining of chest pains and shortness of breath. This patient has a history of cardiovascular disease and underwent heart bypass surgery 8 years ago, in which he received 4 RBC transfusions. Upon arrival, a diagnosis of heart failure was firm and need for immediate surgery. Antibody testing for this patient revealed the patient is both positive for anti-Fya and anti-K. Furthermore, the probable genotype of this patient suggests African descent, therefore the patient will also receive anti-c and anti-e positive red cells. This patient requires two units of blood as soon as possible, in which unit Q and unit R have been allocated.The quaternate patient in our case report is a 14-year-old male that suffers from sickle cell anaemia and has a history of anti-K. This patient receives frequent blood transfusions for the management of his condition, with his last transfusion dated 6 months prior to admission. The patient was broug ht in by his family regarding fatigue and shortness of breath. The patient has been kept in hospital for posting pending suspicion of sickle cell crisis. Three RBC units have been allocated for this patient including units J, K, and I. Each unit is O RhD positive and negative for anti-K. Finally, the fifth patient featured in this report is a 19-year-old female that was involved in a road traffic accident. This patient has no history of previous blood transfusions and has never been admitted to hospital prior to this occasion, with her parents citing excellent health. The patient was admitted with trauma to the head, in which a single blood unit was allocated unit T. However, the patient no longer requires the unit at this time. The unit will be kept for the patient whilst she remains in hospital following any complications. Unit T was selected for this patient and is O RhD negative. This patient does not have any clinically significant antibodies.Throughout the treatment and ass essment of these 5 patients, only 12 of blood were available. A total of 10 units were used to treat all 5 patients. Severe weather across the United Kingdom has impacted the distribution of blood from the NHS Blood and Transplant manufacturing sites located in Bristol, London, and Manchester. Access by road, rail, and air have all been affected by severe storms and rendered transport at a halt. The closest blood bank could not be accessed and therefore a limited number of RBC units were available.References Daniels, G., Poole, J., de Silva, M., et al. (2002) The clinical significance of blood group antibodies. 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