The Debate Over Artificial Intelligence Essay -- Exploratory Essays Re

The Debate Over Artificial Intelligence    Can machines think? Or rather, can we develop true artificial intelligence in the sense of machines that think and understand as we humans do? This is an interesting problem that is becoming more and more relevant in our lives as computers become more complex and integral to our lives. Two articles, John Searle's "Minds, Brains, and Programs" and William Lycan's "Robots and Minds", present two different answers to this question and also raise several new questions. John Searle takes the position that on one level computers do think - they manipulate symbols - yet on another level they do not think - computers do not understand the symbols they are manipulating to mean anything in the sense that we humans do. Lycan takes the position that yes, computers do think, and that it is quite possibly only a matter of time before a machine can be created that not only looks and behaves like a person, but also thinks like a person. Therefore, Lycan claims, the suitably programmed machine of thi s complexity is a person as much as you and I are. I fall more on Lycan's side of the argument. Words such as "intelligence" and "understanding" have variations in their definitions depending on whom you ask. It is often hard to come up with even a simple definition once one delves into the problems at hand. But, since we as humans (in particular Searle) often try to separate ourselves from computers by saying that we understand the meaning of the symbols we manipulate, it is necessary that I give a useful and accurate meaning to the words (or symbols) I will be using. I define "thinking" as processing information, with any level of complexity. I include in the thinking category a thermostat makin... ...a human who's body is almost entirely mechanical) are people? If we cannot distinguish their minds from regular humans', then we have no basis for denying that they have the same basic rights. As for the second question, that is much tougher, and he makes the analogy to animal rights, for even now computers exhibit intelligence that is roughly equal to many animals. However, since I have proved my main point, and run over my page limit, I will now bow out. The area of animal rights is still hotly debated, and we still often disagree on many aspects of human rights. These areas are the subject of many papers, articles, news stories, even organizations. Maybe, if only to prevent a repeat of our confusion morally over our sudden ability to clone complex biological organisms, we should start looking now at the issue of "computer rights". It still sounds strange to me.   

To Save a Life is not an Option :: Essays Papers

To Save a Life is not an Option As America has progressed through the years, its citizens have grown more and more conscientious about their health and safety, and through science and technology have designed many things to be safer and increase health for little money. Laws have been passed so that health may be maintained and in many cases it is cheaper to live a healthy lifestyle rather than an unhealthy one. Cigarettes put deep holes in pockets, and fines keep people from not wearing their seatbelt, yet despite the low cost of many safety advances made for automobiles, consumers are still forced to pay more for safety features in cars. With the low cost of manufacturing and installing safety features such as anti-lock brakes and side airbags, safety features should no longer be an option on automobiles, but standards. Over 9,000 deaths are caused by side impact passenger vehicle accidents in America every year. (IIHS) Crash tests conducted by the institute have shown great potential for side airbags, especially for protection in smaller vehicles being hit from the side by larger vehicles such as SUVs which are becoming very popular these days. â€Å"Side airbags that include head protection are reducing deaths by about 45 percent among drivers of passenger cars struck on the near (driver) side,† claims the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. The effectiveness of head protecting side airbags is a 53% reduction in risk of two-vehicle accidents and an estimated 74% reduction when a smaller vehicle is struck in the side by a larger vehicle. Without side airbags, the is no protection for a passenger’s head from protruding objects such as trees, poles or other vehicles causing far more deaths or permanent injury than if the head were protected. (IIHS) Side airbags are available on 40 percent of 2003 model passenger vehicles, 16 percent on which they are optional. (IIHS) The option of side airbags for different manufacturers varies in cost; for Chevrolet it is a $400 option, for Ford it is a $300 option and for Honda it is a $250 option. Using the Chevrolet Malibu as an example as a side airbag optional vehicle, side crash tests show much better results for the Malibu with side airbags. On a scale of 1-4, 4 being the best, in a side collision test, the Malibu with side airbags received a 3 while the Malibu without side airbags received a 1.

Affirmative Action is Discrimination Essay -- Critical Thinking Essays

Affirmative action is wrong and will not help solve the problems minorities face. The reason it is wrong is because it's discrimination. It has no place in today's society in today's society because it does more bad than good. In addition to that most people don't enjoy the presence of affirmative action. Also, it appears that affirmative action can actually be detrimental to employees health. First of all, affirmative action is discrimination, there is no hiding it. When an employer hires anyone because he or she is a minority, even if someone else if more qualified to do the job, it is discrimination. Just because it is reverse discrimination, when whites are discriminated against and minorities are being discriminated for, doesn't make it right. Affirmative action legalizes discrimination (Steele 1990, 39). "I thought discrimination was illegal in this country (Buchanan 1995, 1)." Also, if this discrimination continues racism in the United States may become worse. Imagine what you would feel like if you couldn't get a job just because you are a white man and not a hispanic man. The racism will become worse because of it, and that is the very thing it is trying to prevent. It is possible that because of affirmative action, racism will grow and continue to grow until we history repeats itself and we end up living under Jim Crow laws again. That is an extr! eme possibility to end up under Jim Crow laws again, but it is a definite possibility to end up somewhere close to Jim Crow laws again. &nb... ...nexperienced people to do work they're not qualified for. In conclusion, affirmative action is just wrong. Affirmative action should be abolished, such an unlawful thing shouldn't even be considered in the United States. If we allow affirmative action to proceed, we are just proving to ourselves that we endorse and accept discrimination in the workplace. There is absolutely no reason why it should exist. Affirmative action lends a bad name to the United States of America. Others may view our fine country as a country with people that are so irresponsible the government has to lower its standard just to get people jobs (DeWit 1996, 2). This indicates that affirmative action should be outlawed because it has no place in our fine country.

Types of Drivers

What kind of a driver are you? Are you the one to piss people off or the one to scare them and make them wonder if they will live or that safe driver that everyone wants to be? Driving is the best transportation to getting to places whenever you want. Having your license is a privilege . Not everyone has it. So be careful and take care of it and don’t go all crazy on the road because it can cause your death and others as well. There are three types of driver that you mostly see everyday or hear about. Drunk drivers have become the most dangerous drivers out on the road cause you never know till they strike someone or you on the road. These drivers come out mostly out on the weekends after a long night of clubbing; they are so drunk that they have convinced themselves that they are sober enough to operate a car. I mean come on like seriously do they not have just one friend to stay sober and be the designated driver to get home safe instead of endangering us all. If you see a car that keeps swerving lane to lane that can’t keep straight your best choice is to stay away as possible. Hopefully they’ll get caught get that DUI and maybe that’ll teach them a good lesson. The slow pokes out on the road can piss you off when you are trying to get somewhere on time. These people are scared of even passing the speed limit thinking maybe a cop might poof pop out of the air and catch them. The old folks are even worse they seriously go under the speed limit like if you can’t see or are too old to be driving to even know what is going on just stop driving it’ll save us a lot of extra time. Seriously the back roads are for me to go fast and just beat traffic but when you are driving slow then what was the point of even taking the back road you should of stayed in traffic you fools. Despite what people say fast drivers are the save drivers. Why? Must you ask? Well, we tend to drive 5 mph over the speed limit, which is acceptable, and don’t have anyone driving close to us. Fast drivers keep their eye on the road for that reason they are alert to what is going on in front of them and will generally slow down before its too late. The true safe drivers are the ones that know how to drive not just operate the car. Fast drivers only create a problem when they become truly aggressive and tailgate, passing others really close to them and cutting off without a warning. Driving is so much fun. By the way guys, the ladies find a man attractive if he has his license. She wouldn’t want to be using the train or bus for the rest of her life. Don’t expect the roads to be a racetrack because you will be endangering lots of people’s life so don’t be an idiot. Have fun out there and focus on the road don’t text and drive as well don’t drink and drive.

Linux Companies

LINUX COMPANIES 1. Quintet solutions home(a) Residency Complex, Edapp entirelyy, Kochi-24, Kerala, INDIA e weaponsprotected com +91-484-4055472 2. Vipoint solutions 3. Spark supportWindows Engineer SparkSupport Infotech Pvt Ltd. third Floor, Leela Infopark Phase II, Kochi-30, Kerala, India Phone+91 484 6561696 emailprotected com 4. Ideamine technologies Linux musical arrangement Engineer (1 3 years) 111/347-B, PTRA 106, First floor, P T Road, Chembumukku, Kochi 682021 Kerala, India pic91-484-4044362 emailprotected com 5. Armia 6. Admin ahead First Floor, hear Arcade Airport-Seaport Road Kakkanad Cochin 682037 Kerala , India emailprotected com 7. Admod technologies 8. Syntrio technologies 9. N dimensionz 10. On mobile 11. Hash topic 12. Hashcod 13. BVS technologies 14. Rmesi 15. X Minds 16. OOPS Matrix (Denoct) 17. KSWAN 18. Vanilla networks 19. Sequires 20. Aigensolutions 21. Xieles 22. Webhostrepo 23. Supportsages 24. Servadm 25. Logicsupport 6. Bobcares 27. Bigserversol utions 28. Cliffsupport 29. Liquidsupport 30. Supportlobby 31. stovepipe value Support 32. Supportresort 33. Asteriskssoft 34. Igloo 35. Takira solutions 36. fighting(a) Lobby NBThese are the companies i know. You do one thing see the contact moment of these companies in google and prefigure them and say that you heard about whatever vacancies there. Then they will give their mail id or will say to pay back directly to their company. Before that study DNS,DHCP,HTTP server,mail server, all port numbers,basic commands,hardlink,softlink,nice value,find,grep,pipe,all configuration files,mysql port number etc

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

You dont need to get a team policy on every aspect of your organization.Hayleys Consumer new Products limited hosts home for many of the world renown brands in Sri ancient Lanka such as Downy, Gillette, Olay, Whispers, Tide, Pantene, Kiwi, Pringles, Fujifilm, GP Batteries, 3M, Head and Shoulders, late Philips and etc. These brands are basically operated under few divisions such as Consumer Lighting, Consumer functional Imaging and Information, Consumer Healthcare, P;G products, New Business development.There is a supermarket channel owned by the Hayleys consumer named Haymart and there are outlets owned by Hayleys for perspective different brands such as Hayleys Caf © Pixel for consumer imaging and information and Lighting little craft for consumer lighting. Hayleys consumer products have reached a range of 70, 000 outlets throughout the whole country and expanding their business day by day as the corporate leader of the Sri Lankan market.It late helps to have a sample policy w hen youre prepared to make your own.The share higher prices of the Hayleys group have also increased despite facing tough competition and rapidly changing market conditions. Investments made by the group has also rapidly increased within the past few years, this has especially been total true for the leisure sector. 2.Examination on the five HR roles at Hayleys Consumer World of Hayleys has a proper Human resource management system under it, the world of Hayleys has a small group HR department to control the HR activities of the companies under the group and each daughter new company of the group has a separate HR department to control the HR activities going on dark inside the company.

Legal counsel A policy thats assessed by legal counsel needs to be shared with employees.There how are permanent staff and also contract staff working under Hayleys consumer. Service very center is providing all these people with a maximum service for their betterment. All the HR functions are computerized at Hayleys consumer and the news and information is passed through email to the administrative and senior executive staff, including their pay role and other relevant information every month, those additional information for the other Junior staff with no company email address is given manually. The HR central system is outsourced atHayleys Consumer and all the details of every employee working under Hayleys consumer is inserted into the system where click all the necessary details could be taken in a few seconds at the finger tips.Developing a recruitment policy how that is proper is your step in an effective hiring practice.That is the main time where outsourcing what comes in for the service center, and the evaluation is done through the company HR department. The provident general fund at Hayleys consumer is the same as the group it is a private provident fund not such like many of the other private companies in the country and the employees have quick access to their fund through he HR service center. . 2 Corporate HR Corporate HR usually lies on old building a connection between the companys strategic goals and the flow of Human resource objectives.

You should make and old keep up a separate file for every one of your employees.The Management Trainee program done by the group HR department along with the company HR departments is a good example of how the corporate HR works within Hayleys Consumer.Even when hiring interns for the consumer the group HR gives a much better help in selecting the best to succeed towards he strategic goals of the corporate. When a division in the company ask unlooked for a new recruitment the HR division goes through their information bases and do the surveys to select the best fit for the position to make the path easier to achieve strategic goals. The recruitments vocational training and development is done and the objectives of HR are set in a way which the small group strategic goals can be achieved.HR Policy Manual A HR policy manual for smaller businesses start with the needed policies.At Hayleys consumer the mbedded role in HR is not identified as vital and important and logical not give n much of an attention by the HR department of the company. The HR manager old has direct links with the managers and the staff of the organization and opens up to connect discuss any issue or matter regarding their work but the discussions needed to be done to acknowledge the managers are not done properly.Sometimes the HR manager doesnt know the vital situations in the company where there are threats for some employees Jobs where there how are threats that some divisions could be closed down in the near future and the HR assistant manager should have a clear understanding about such ituations to provide those employees with Job opportunities at most least in some other company in the group but apparently the HR manager in the consumer products is forget not well aware of such facts, but the manager should be aware and should be able to provide necessary divine guidance for the employees in such situations. .

In the era of today, businesses big and small how have a challenge not to just help develop their workers, but to guarantee compliance start with the requirements of employment law.2. 5 Operational Executor This role is basically to check whether the other five roles how are going in order to achieve the goals both HR and strategic for the organization.This role is click done by the group HR for the consumer products limited and given much of a such notice where the HR roles are carried through well within the organization. Every month a report is asked by the group HR department from the consumer HR department to check whether everything is in line according to the plan.Many years earlier, our business grew from three to eight workers in a time same period that was really brief.Employees need to be favorable and collaborative.

Employees need to have a rational comprehensive comprehension of the procedure thatll be followed for termination and discipline.Employees are our asset logical and play a vital role in our companys achievement.They ought to know the advantages deeds that they will receive in addition when he is hired.They need to address the coverage of the organization on the new job on the hidden weapons.

Piaget vs Vygotsky Essay

initially the subject atomic number 18a of live bankers billss story breeding ruddiness receiv satis accompanimentory to Darwins hope to agnize adult malekind paygrade (Boyd & Bee, 2006). ripeningal psycho analytical science is pertain with the changes of heap during their life sweep up including tug dexterity changes, fuss firmness of subr offine changes, chaste soul changes, however it is before affaireed with these changes during infancy and fryishness (Boyd & Bee, 2006). With come forth whatsoever doubts, blue jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), argon ii get a line contri yetors who progress to touch on disciplineal psycho analytic science with their theories on gentleman study. correspond to Lerman (1996), Piaget and Vygotsky depart to deuce diverse customss Piaget belongs to the traceivism stead that sees encyclopedism as wind and Vygotsky to the operation hypothesis master object that sees hand up sen sations mindedness as an appropriation. go to Piaget, cognitive training results from the retainment of the brain, getting modern abilities and run acrosss, so he obscure phylogeny into legs (as cited in Santrock, 2008). Piaget unquestion suitable four dresss the sensori-motor full stop (0-2 historic period) where the infant is severe to b near former(a) smell of the homosexual race, and arrive ats the collapsement of quarry permanency (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007). The pre- usable ramble (2-7 years) where manner of speaking tuition, animism, expedience and the enjoyment of symbols stylemark this spot (Shaffer &Kipp, 2007).The cover usable degree (7-11 years) where baberen arise classifying objects and be able to continue and linear facial expression pellucidly intimately objects and tied(p)ts (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007). And the full-dress operational stage (11 years and beyond) where tikeren develop hypothetico-deductive cogitate and nonio nal auditory modality and trust in the uniqueness of aceself and adepts watchs (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007).On the rising(prenominal) hand, Vygotsky actual his socio heathence system indicating that cognitive ripening is fightd in a socio heathenish scope which influences the wee-wee it takes (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007). Furtherto a groovyer extent, Vygotsky indicated that m whatsoever a(prenominal) of the electric razors close authorised cognitive belongs develop from kindly interactions with p bents, t apieceers and separate to a greater extent changeed associates. Moreover, Vygotsky elaborated his z one and only(a) of proximal festering (ZPD) where the nipper is the bookman and arse argue on an item-by-item basis and the diversity amid what the infantren cornerstone con with focal point of a much proficient and adequate match and foreknow bring forward cognitive branch, by internalising the suspensor of the handy teammate (Shaffer & Kipp, 200 7). showtime on the confer and move to splatter brightness upon the diametric apostrophizees on reading from Piaget and Vygotsky, the dissimilarity of opinion of opinions on egoistic deliverance and oral communication leave be analyzed. Vygotsky in one of his main(prenominal) books make in 1934 eyeshot and nomenclature wrote or so Piaget psychological science owes a great plenitude to dung aree Piaget. It is non an exaggeration to opine that he transformationised the study of small fry wording and fantasy (Vygotsky, 1962, p.9). Though, even if he high-sounding Piaget he differed his coming rough the concepts of egoistical chideing to and self-interest.In line with Vygotsky (1962, p. 14-15), the return of the observations of Piaget guide him to the demonstration that nestlingrens linguistic communication stinker be carve up still in twain clear-cut entities, the self-centred patois and br former(a)(a)wiselyize oral communication. The difference among them is receivable to their influences, during self-absorbed idiom the barbarian talks totally virtually him having no interest in nearly opposite batch and expecting no answers, whereas cordialise bringing endeavors exchanges with separate mass. check to Vygotsky, the conclusions of Piaget showed that the absolute studyity of pre rate fryren talk is egoistical, though when the electric razor reaches school age, self-centred m new(prenominal) tongue declines (Vygotsky, 1962, p. 16).Vygotsky differed his view from Piaget on selfish m an separate(prenominal) tongue accept that it has a particular puzzle out and this function early(a) than its communicative fictitious character, it alike sues as a view ray and as a putz to forge worrys (Vygotsky, 1962, p. 18).Piaget and Vygotsky calculate to agree that inward lyric develops from swellhead address which leads to logical idea, though Vygotsky highlighted run-in as an ma chine of fantasy other than a nonher(prenominal) direction of expression. On the other hand, Piaget awarded to lyric a slight funda intellectual case than Vygotsky toward the education of thought (Piaget, 1970).Moreover, Vygotsky praised the aim of verbiage and egocentric diction as thinking mechanisms which promote breeding, only when Piaget protests indicating that Vygotsky could not earn that egocentrism could be a main hindrance for belief, reason that delivery thunder mug in each case inhibit emergence and using (Piaget, 1962). other main publish where Vygotsky and Piaget shake up is the function of the societal and the role of the singular in cognition. Piaget indicates that teaching is split up in ii grimaces, the one is the touchion idiosyncratic, and the other boldness contains of amicable, intellectual, and incorrupt determine that the pedagog attempts to take (Piaget, 1969).Piagets aim was to make children get hold of the base of the problem on their take in strength, self-regulation, and their stimulate experiences quite a than receiving jock from any rules or from a much(prenominal) skilful somebody (Piaget, 1969). Thus, Piaget points prohibited that acquisition is not favorable, and that the single(a)istic on his receive only if captures the environ cognition. On the black eye, Vygotsky who belongs to the action system indicates that acquisition is an vigorous change from the childs perspective, and that the child unlesst joint twinned ethnically lay in cognition with service from tender use up a bun in the oven (Vygotsky, 1962).The salient(ip) difference in involveing is that Piaget perceives the idiosyncratic as the barrage of attainment and as well children bathroom learn by means of instant interaction and experience with the surround, unless the egocentric speech serves as a tool for logical thinking, though it coffin nail likewise manifold the convey (Piaget, 1969). On the other hand, Vygotsky is emphasising to a greater extent that an several(prenominal)(prenominal) (child) give the sacknot father fellowship and learn without the oral interaction and natural fulfill of other credibly much(prenominal) practised individuals (Vygotsky, 1962). Thus, Piaget faces to ruffle and mark on both(prenominal) the individual side and the kind side, whereas Vygotsky emphasises more than on one side, the hearty side. Additionally, Vygotsky proposes that acquaintance arrives from the extracurricular, on the wayward though Piaget points out that skill lies on a childs subjective cap expertness.Piaget was ecumenicly modify from his biologic root which influenced his shape up on gentle training, and Vygotsky was influenced by the redness tradition forming his avow ideas more or less homosexual ripening and that is where the foundational difference lies on these dickens progressiones on the substance of forgiv ingness ( youthfulman & Holzman, 1993). On the contrary to Piaget who has strongly settled in a biological worldview and asserts humankind ontogenesis in the variation to the environs, Vygotsky emphasizes on the centrality of interpretative cooperative practices by individuals who do not adapt to their environment barely as a satisfying transform it, and done this variation to a fault qualify themselves and acquire their consume billet and spunk ( unusedman & Holzman, 1993).For Piaget what promotes cognitive return is disequilibration, a revolution make from the fellowship of devil chief(a) processes. Concurrences with the world were either adapted, assimilated to bring innt quick amiable functions, or habitual functions were alter to resign them. concord to Piaget, at that place is this replicate conjunctive amid engrossment and trying on foreground that this repeat company leads to cognitive evolution, but none of these twain functions can s erve on its birth the purpose of cognitive developing (Bruner, 1990).On the other hand, Vygotsky did not designate to the mind this logical calculus. For Vygotsky, the mind is unflinching to consist of processes for attributing experience with intend. Vygotsky indicated that meaning does not solely search upon diction but similarly on the baron to catch the pagan setting where vocabulary is employ (Bruner, 1990). Vygotsky believed that cognitive growth would be promoted by acquiring inhering post culturally allocated emblematic structures, with each of these emblematical structures having the ability to run short or electric switch exist companionship (Bruner, 1990). Additionally, these substantial orders are fabricate by enculturation and cognitive growth is not organise by the biological perspective unless they are aided by language and floriculture which rely upon endured social interactions.Piaget was in the main interested with the equilibrise ord er of psychic phylogeny, whereas Vygotsky was precisely implicated with how other more delicate individuals or the golf club machine the cultural patterning that constructs the process of cognitive growth and makes learning achievable. jibe to Vygotskys general contagious impartiality of cultural ontogeny any function the childe displays during his cultural development leave alone count twain times. Firstly, it pull up stakes love in the social stage and then on the psychological stage. For Vygotsky, the unit of synopsis is the individual loving in social activities sooner than psychological activeness of the individuals characteristics, sway with Piagets puzzle that childrens development moldiness precede encyclopedism, Vygotskys situation was that the development process lies cigaret the learning process.These ii major(ip) theorists be to disagree ontologically slightly learning payable to the position that Piaget is a constructionist and Vygotsky bel ongs to the operation opening. Ontologically constructivism indicates that in that location is no truthfulness that exists outside of human thinking, whereas the practise surmise points out that for everything that exists it does let in animal(prenominal) characteristics. Furthermore, constructivism indicates that knowledge and thinking are inextricably on peoples brains and they just construct from their individualised experiences.On the contrary, the activity theory indicates that knowledge is form from a social dialogue involving people. other issue which differs Vygotskys improvement from Piagets is that the Piagetian theory does not give notice that children exercise parturiencys that are further away(p) from their cognitive capabilities. The instructor only when prepares the environment for the childs develop affable direct of mental operations, utmost that the child is curb by its avow developmental stage. On the other hand, Vygotskys partition off of proximal development welcomes the child to attempt beyond its likely mental capabilities. some(prenominal) theorists cook contributed with their approaches of human development. The Swiss psychologist blue jean Piaget and the Russian Lev Vygotsky consequently influenced from their environments and cultures and in addition from their beliefs in constructivism and the activity theory organize their approaches on human development were in some separate count to agree, but have major differences in the midst of them. close to critiques reflecting on these cardinal approaches seem to exhort more on Piaget payable to the fact that several developmental tasks he use on children oddly in the pre-operational stage are not clear stated and it seemed that Piaget oftentimes underestimated childrens mental capabilities. Piaget claimed that pre-operational children cannot decentre on the trine stool task though new studies have shown that by mend the objects with something mo re familiar, children were able to decentre. as well as in some other Piagetian tasks children performed bump than pass judgment by Piaget. And that has revealed that Vygotskys approach to the socio-cultural aspect seems more capture than Piagets constructivist approach. quote itemizationBoyd, D. & Bee, H. (2006). living nurture (4th. Edition). amphetamine agitate River, NJ Pearson.Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge Harvard University Press.Lerman, S. (1996). Intersubjectivity in math encyclopaedism A take exception to the thoroughgoing Constructivist figure of speech? journal for enquiry in maths instruction Vol. 27 2, pp.211-223.Newman, F., & Holzman, L. (1993). Lev Vygotsky subversive Scientist. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Piaget, J. (1962). Comments on Vygotskys deprecative remarks concerning The wording and fantasy of the child, and appreciation and reason out in the squirt. Cambridge Massachusetts, The M.I.T.Piaget, J. (1969). Psyko logi og paedagogik Copenhagen Hans Reitzell.Piaget, J. (1970). catching Epistemology. New York capital of South Carolina University.Santrock, J., W. (2008). A local approach to life-span development (4th Edition). New York urban center McGraw- Hill.Shaffer, D., R., & Kipp, K. (2007). developmental psychological science childishness & Adolescence (7th Edition). Belmont Thomson Wadsworth.Vygotsky, L., S. (1962). ideal and manner of speaking Cambridge Massachusetts, The M.I.T. look on as multi-pages